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Biomedical subjects

M M Ismail

Publications and source records attributed to M M Ismail.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Efficacy of albendazole and its combinations with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura infections in Sri Lanka.

The efficacy of the drugs currently available for treatment of infection with Trichuris trichiura is low compared with that of the drugs used against roundworm and hookworm. Single-dose combinations of albendazole with ivermectin or of albendazole with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) have recently been seen to produce raid and sustained reductions in Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. This observation prompted the present study, on the efficacy of these combinations against trichuriasis. The drug regimens tested were albendazole (400 mg) alone, albendazole (400 mg) with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg), and albendazole (400 mg) with DEC (6 mg/kg). Most (155) of the 176 children (4-14 years of age) who each provided a single, pre-treatment, stool sample were found positive for Trichuris ova. These 155 were each randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups and checked for infection 3 weeks post-treatment, again by a single stool examination. Single-dose therapy with albendazole plus ivermectin produced a 'cure rate' (79.3%) and an egg-reduction rate (93.8%) which were significantly higher than the corresponding rates produced by albendazole alone or albendazole plus DEC (P < 0.01 for each). The efficacies of albendazole with DEC and of albendazole alone were statistically equivalent. Single-dose treatment with the albendazole-ivermectin combination appears to be highly effective against trichuriasis and could prove valuable for routine use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Noncontact thermokeratoplasty to correct hyperopia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of noncontact holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) for treating hyperopia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alicante, Instituto Oftalmológico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain, and the University of Al-Azhar, Cairo, Egypt. METHODS: Noncontact LTK was applied to 13 eyes (11 patients) with significant hyperopia after LASIK using a Ho:YAG laser (model gLase 210, Sunrise Technologies). Mean spherical equivalent before LTK was +4.60 diopters (D) +/- 1.40 (SD) (range +2.50 to +7.25 D). The results were evaluated 18 months after the LTK surgery. RESULTS: A significant myopic shift developed in all eyes that gradually receded to emmetropia 6 to 8 weeks after LTK. After 12 months, refraction was relatively stable. At 18 months, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) before LTK (0.19 +/- 0.09) and mean postoperative UCVA (0.61 +/- 0.22) (P < .005). At the end of the study, there was a mean increase of 4.10 +/- 1.12 D in central keratometric power. Total regression did not occur in any eye. CONCLUSION: Noncontact Ho:YAG LTK was safe and effective in correcting LASIK-induced hyperopia. The cutting of Bowman's layer and a thinner corneal center may contribute to the stability of LTK in such cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A review of haematogenous osteomyelitis in children in Kuala Lumpur Hospital.

We review 81 cases of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis from 1983 to 1990 to establish current pattern of clinical presentation, modes of treatment and success of therapy. Majority of the patient (70%) presented within a week of symptom and significant number of them came with fever and swelling of the affected limb. Sedimentation rate was found to be raised in all of them. Fifty-four (55%) of them were treated surgically. The average antibiotic time was one week by intravenous administration followed by additional oral therapy for period up to four weeks. Average follow-up was 9 months. Six of them (7.5%) end up with various complication which was believed to be due to delay in getting medical treatment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct high myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, predictability, and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in 143 eyes with myopia from 8.00 to 20.00 diopters (D). SETTING: Alicante Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Alicante School of Medicine, Alicante, Spain. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 143 eyes (94 patients) that had LASIK with the Chiron Automated Corneal Shaper and the VISX 20/20 excimer laser using a multizone profile and a sutureless hinged corneal flap technique. RESULTS: Uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 45.0% of eyes 3 months postoperatively and in 46.4% at 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved by 0.07 at 3 and 6 months and was stable after 3 months. Mean spherical equivalent was -13.19 diopters (D) +/- 2.89 (SD) preoperatively and +0.51 +/- 1.63 D at 3 months and +0.18 +/- 1.66 D at 6 months postoperatively. At 3 months, spherical equivalent was within 1.00 D of emmetropia in 57.5% of all eyes, 71.0% of eyes with a baseline refraction from -8.00 to -11.99 D (n = 59), 44.4% with a baseline refraction from -12.00 to -15.99 D (n = 54), and 53.0% of eyes with a baseline refraction from -16.00 to -20.00 D (n = 30). The respective 6 month percentages were 60.0, 72.4, 46.0, and 50.0%. The regression of effect was similar in all groups (approximately 0.50 D) between 1 and 3 months, although the high myopia group had further regression. Significant corneal steepening and an increase in corneal thickness occurred between 1 and 3 months. Flap thickness was always less than predicted with both the 130 microns plates, and achieved laser ablation was deeper than programmed. The relationships between postoperative refraction and preoperative keratometry and postoperative refraction and the difference in achieved versus programmed ablation were significant. Complications at 6 months included epithelial ingrowth, corneal flap melting, decentered ablation, and irregular astigmatism with loss of BCVA, although none was vision threatening. CONCLUSION: In this study, LASIK was effective and predictable in the correction of high myopia but was more accurate for myopia up to 12.00 D. Current surgical algorithms must be modified to improve predictability in higher corrections. Longer follow-up is necessary to evaluate long-term incidence of vision-threatening complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Human dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens in Sri Lanka.

Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens is a common zoonotic infection in Sri Lanka. Todate 70 cases are on record, and they include 3 expatriates from Russia, England and Korea, who were undoubtedly infected in Sri Lanka. Around 30-60% of dogs are infected with D. repens in various parts of the country and the mosquito vectors are Aedes aegypti, Armigeres subalbatus, Mansonia uniformis and M. annulifera. Unlike in other countries of the old world infection is most common in children under the age of 9 years, the youngest being 4 months old and the scrotum, penis and perianal regions of male children appear to be frequent sites for the worms. Dirofilaria (Dirofilaria) immitis is not present in Sri Lanka though it is present in neighbouring countries like India, and Malaysia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Schistosome resistance to praziquantel: Fact or artifact?

Praziquantel is the current drug of choice for human schistosomiasis. Recent reports from laboratory and field studies concerning reduced praziquantel efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni have generated some controversy. The prevailing question is whether the emergence of strains of schistosome resistant to praziquantel is a fact, or an artifact resulting from erroneous field or laboratory experimentation. In this article, Padraic Fallon, Liang-feng Tao, Magdi Ismail and James Bennett examine the available evidence for schistosome resistance to praziquantel. Contributory factors to the schistosomicidal activity of praziquantel, which may interfere with evaluation of drug efficacy or resistance, are also considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of secondary cataract by antimitotic drugs: experimental study.

To prevent the development of secondary cataract, mitomycin C (MC, 0.2 mg/ml) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 50 mg/ml) were introduced in the irrigating solution (BSS Plus) during an extracapsular lens extraction in albino rabbits. Cellular multiplication in the whole lens capsule was quantified by means of flow cytometry. The total number of residual cells in the capsule after lens extraction together with the mitotic phases of the cell cycle were studied. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.005, Student t test) was obtained between the two groups treated with antimitotics when compared with the control group regarding the inhibition of mitosis in the capsular cell population together with the total cell number. However, 5-FU has shown a more potent inhibitory effect than MC (p < .0.005, Student t test). We did not record any ocular complication during a postoperative period of 2 months. MC and 5-FU could be a promising alternative in the prevention of posterior capsule opacification.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Management of astigmatic keratotomy overcorrections by corneal sutures.

Astigmatic overcorrection is a significant possible complication of refractive surgical procedures such as radial keratotomy, astigmatic keratotomy, and combined radial and astigmatic keratotomy. We present the results of a study in which astigmatic overcorrection was reversed by suturing the astigmatic incisions. Videokeratoscopic studies of 15 patients showed that this technique induced a wide range of central corneal steepness, thus correcting variable amounts of astigmatic overcorrection. Mean preoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 20/100 while the mean postoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40. One year after surgery, 13 patients had gained two or more Snellen lines of uncorrected vision; the remaining two had no improvement. Refraction was stable in all cases. No significant complications were observed at one year postoperatively. Corneal sutures may be used safely to manage overcorrections after astigmatic keratotomy or combined radial and astigmatic keratotomy with satisfactory results, even though the predictive value of the technique is limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of schistosomiasis with praziquantel among school children.

This study, as a part of the drug resistance project, one of the activities of the schistosomiasis research project, was carried out in 3 villages in lower Egypt. Its main objective is to assess the praziquantel cure rate and to identify infected persons not responding to praziquantel treatment. Among the studied population, the prevalence of S. mansoni among school children (age 6 to 18 years) was 21.8%, 32.7% and 32.4% in the 3 villages respectively. Those who were found infected were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight). The cure rate after six weeks was 75.8%, 83.9% and 72.7% among school children respectively. This cure rate among school children was less than that of adults by 5-10%. Compared with that of preschool age, it showed variable results. A second dose after 6-8 weeks was given to those who were still infected. Those who remained infected even after this second treatment, received a third dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. After the third treatment, only 5 patients of school age remained infected compared to one among adults and one among preschool age. The failure rate was found to be 50%, 18.5% and 12.5% among preschool, school children and adults respectively after the third treatment regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory induced resistance to praziquantel in experimental schistosomiasis.

To study the effect of praziquantel (PZQ) on successive generations of S. mansoni worms, infected mice were treated 6 weeks after infection with different doses of PZQ (300, 500 mg/kg.), the schistosome strain was originally obtained from an infected Egyptian patient. The eggs subsequently produced by worms that had survived the PZQ treatment were used to infect snails and mice of the following generations. The results were expressed as average number of worms and cure rates in comparison with control groups. It was found that the use of PZQ., especially in low subcurative dose may lead to the development of resistance to therapeutic dose of the drug in following generations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

On an infection of a human eye with Parastrongylus (= Angiostrongylus) sp. in Sri Lanka.

A metastrongyle worm extracted from the anterior chamber of the right eye of a patient in Sri Lanka belongs to the genus Parastrongylus and probably to a yet undescribed species, related to P. cantonensis well known to infect man. It is mostly a parasite of rodents, wandering in man and unadapted to this host. Evidence for this lack of adaptation are that the specimen is undergoing necrosis (teratological specimen) and is located in an organ with little immunological defences.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sleep deprivation in the rat: XV. Ambient temperature choice in paradoxical sleep-deprived rats.

Previous studies of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) in the rat by the disk-over-water method have indicated that both produce changes in thermoregulation. In both kinds of deprivation, there was a progressive, large increase in heat production as indicated by measures of energy expenditure (EE). In TSD there was an initial increase in waking body temperature (Tb) followed by a later decrease; in PSD there was only a progressive decrease. The increases in heat production far in excess of heat storage indicated increased heat loss in both groups. Because the increase in Tb in TSD rats was supported by ambient temperature choices (Tch) in a thermal gradient that became progressively higher during deprivation, an increase in waking temperature setpoint (TSET) was indicated. Because the rats resorted to behavioral warming in spite of greatly increased thermogenesis, they must have had some failure to retain body heat. Prior to the present study, changes in TSET, had not been evaluated in PSD rats. Because they had not shown increases in Tb, PSD rats might not have an elevated TSET, which would indicate a functional difference between PS and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Also, an evaluation of behavioral thermoregulation in PSD rats would clarify whether their Tb decline resulted from excessive heat loss or from a lowered TSET. To evaluate changes in heat flow and TSET, EE, Tb and Tch were measured in five PSD rats and their yoked control (PSC) rats. PSD rats showed progressive increases in EE and decreases in Tb as in the earlier PSD study; Tch rose progressively. PSC rats showed minimal changes in all three parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Alternate chemotherapy in experimental schistosomiasis.

Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were treated with a single oral dose of either praziquantel (400 mg/kg) or oxamniquine (100 mg/kg). The uncured mice, after the first dose, were given a second dose of the same drug or alternatively with the other drug. The drug efficacy was monitored by stool examination and egg count using Kato-thick smear technique. Praziquantel was found to be more effective, it gave 60% cure rate after the first dose, increased to 100% after the second dose, than oxamniquine which had 37% and 74% cure rates respectively. Furthermore, in uncured mice praziquantel resulted in more egg count reduction than oxamniquine. Treatment with the alternate drug of mice not cured with the first treatment gave 100% cure rate with praziquantel and 83% with oxamniquine. It was concluded that praziquantel is generally more effective than oxamniquine and cases not cured with a single dose of either drugs may be effectively treated with a second dose of the other.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparative efficacy of single dose anthelmintics in relation to intensity of geohelminth infections.

The efficacy of a single dose of albendazole 400 mg, levamisole 2.5 mg/kg, mebendazole 500 mg, mebendazole 200 mg and pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg was evaluated in relation to the intensity of infection of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura. The study group comprised 667 3 to 12 year old children from poorer segments of the community. All 5 treatments produced high egg reduction rates ranging from 95.9% to 99.7% and substantial cure rates for Ascaris infection; the differences observed in the 5 treatment groups were not significant (p greater than 0.05). Although all treatment groups were effective against Necator, the number of patients was too small to draw useful conclusions. In Trichuris infections, although higher cure rates were obtained in light compared to heavy infections, the results were uniformly poor in all treatment groups. The few side effects encountered were mild and did not require any intervention.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1990

Is filariasis a trigger for bronchial asthma?

Many Sri Lankan children with cough and wheeze and peripheral blood eosinophilia are treated with diethyl carbamazine (D.E.C.) on the assumption that filaria is the cause. We tried to establish whether filaria can trigger asthma and whether D.E.C. improves bronchial reactivity. In 35 symptomatic and 22 asymptomatic children peripheral blood eosinophil counts, filarial antibody test, stool examination, chest radiography, allergy skin tests and histamine inhalation tests were performed before and after treatment with D.E.C. Most of the symptomatic children were atopic; 1/3 of all children had helminthiasis, positive filarial antibodies and total eosinophil counts of greater than 2,000. Ten children had chest radiographs suggestive of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Only in those with intermittent symptoms was there a marked improvement in bronchial reactivity after D.E.C., but baseline peak expiratory flow (P.E.F.) improved in all symptomatic groups. We conclude that 1/3 of the children had filariasis which in an atopic individual may trigger asthma. Both the anti-inflammatory and the anti-filarial action of D.E.C. probably contribute to improvement of bronchial reactivity.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

Effect of some drugs on some histopathological and immunological aspects of experimental trichinosis in albino rats.

The present work is concerned with study of the effects of praziquantel, thiabendazole, mebendazole, cyclophosphamide and cortisone on histopathology of the small intestine (during intestinal phase) and skeletal muscles (during muscular phase), in addition to T. lymphocytes count and serum IgG estimation in experimental trichinosis in albino rats. Praziquantel has no effect on the histopathology of small intestine or skeletal muscles. Thiabendazole and mebendazole treatment resulted in complete eradication of Trichinella spiralis worms of small intestine and marked reduction of larval infection (mild infection) of skeletal muscle. Praziquantel, thiabendazole and mebendazole did not affect significantly the T. lymphocytes count of the host during the intestinal phase. Cyclophosphamide and cortisone suppressed the cellular immunity (T. lymphocytes) and accordingly enhanced the parasitic infection in histopathology of both phases. All the drugs tested induced significant reduction of T. lymphocytes in muscular phase (which may be due to parasitic infection itself) and insignificant effect on IgG level in both phases.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The detection of IgE by radio allergosorbent technique (R.A.S.T.) and ELISA in Egyptian cases of schistosomiasis.

Studies were carried out on the radioallergosorbent test (R.A.S.T.) in comparison with the Elisa for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Using sera from known S. mansoni, S. haematobium and both S. mansoni and S. haematobium cases, R.A.S.T. showed high sensitivity; 72%, 55% and 75% respectively, in the detection and quantification of specific IgE antibodies. While in case of ELISA only 20% of patients were positive. With control sera, both tests showed 100% negative. It is concluded that R.A.S.T. is more specific and superior than ELISA for IgE detection in schistosomiasis.

Animals↗