Oral ketorolac: simply an ordinary NSAID.
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Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
M M Clark
Publications and source records attributed to M M Clark.
Obesity level and attrition: support for patient-treatment matching in obesity treatment.
Obesity treatment studies report attrition rates from 20% to 45%. To reduce attrition, researchers have proposed matching patients to treatment based upon level of obesity. The current study attempted to validate the commonly held assumption that a mismatch between obesity level and treatment will promote attrition. The level of obesity and attrition rates of 39 adults who enrolled in a 12-session behavior therapy program were examined. As obesity level increased, so did attrition. Sixty-nine percent of subjects with mild obesity, 43% of subjects with moderate obesity and 0% of subjects with severe obesity completed treatment.
Body Mass Index↗
Maintenance of weight loss: a needs assessment.
This study identified facilitators and obstacles to maintenance of weight loss following a very-low-calorie-diet and behavior modification program. A survey was mailed to a random sample of 178 program completers and received a 61% response rate; the most frequent follow-up period was more than 2 years. Twenty-nine percent reported weighing the same (within 10 lbs) or less than the end of their participation in the treatment program (maintainers), while 71% reported their present weight was a mean of 65% higher than their initial weight loss (regainers). Maintainers were significantly more likely to report engaging in regular aerobic exercise, attending a maintenance support group, and confidence in their ability to manage their weight in the future, while regainers were more likely to report stress and motivation as frequent weight management obstacles. Respondents consistently identified the need for low/no cost ongoing support. Maintainers and relapsers reported similar challenges in managing their weight, yet with different results, suggesting the need to identify subgroups for which different post-treatment support options could be applied.
Adult↗
A gerbil dam's fetal intrauterine position affects the sex ratios of litters she gestates.
The vaginally delivered litters of gerbil dams that, in utero, occupied intrauterine positions between two males fetuses (2M females) contain a greater proportion of sons than do the vaginally delivered litters of gerbil dams that were gestated between two female fetuses (2F females). This difference in the sex ratios of litters delivered vaginally by 2M and 2F gerbils might reflect sex-biased differences in perinatal mortality in the litters of 2M and 2F dams. However, the results of the present experiment, in which gerbil litters were delivered by caesarian section from females that developed in 2M and 2F intrauterine positions, demonstrated unequivocally that 2M female gerbils gestate male-biased litters, whereas 2F female gerbils gestate female-biased litters.
Animals↗
Changes in eating inventory scores following obesity treatment.
Eating Inventory scores may predict compliance, attrition, and outcome to obesity treatment. Research documenting change on the Eating Inventory subsequent to treatment is limited. In Study 1, 29 obese patients demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors of the Eating Inventory (Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) following a 26-week multidisciplinary weight management program. In Study 2, a second sample of 18 obese patients also demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors on the Eating Inventory following treatment. These results provide initial guidelines for the amount of change that patients may demonstrate on the Eating Inventory following treatment.
Adult↗
A male gerbil's intrauterine position affects female response to his scent marks.
Female Mongolian gerbils scent marked more frequently in response to scent marks deposited by adult male conspecifics that, as fetuses, had resided in intrauterine positions between two male fetuses (2M males) than in response to scent marks deposited by adult male conspecifics that had resided in intrauterine positions between two females fetuses (2F males). Because 2M male gerbils are significantly more likely than are 2F male gerbils to impregnate females, and because female gerbils are able to discriminate among males after exposure to their scent marks, the ability of female gerbils to discriminate scent marks of 2M males from those of 2F males may serve as a basis for female identification of males likely to make suitable mates.
Animals↗
Circulating levels of IgG1 and IgG4 anti-IgE antibodies and asthma severity.
In this paper, we have determined the levels of IgG1 and IgG4 anti-IgE in the sera of 66 asthma patients suffering from mild (n = 24), moderate (n = 23), or severe (n = 19) symptoms, and 20 nonatopic, healthy subjects. The study has revealed that although asthma patients have significantly elevated levels of IgG1 and IgG4 anti-IgE antibodies, the concentration of these autoantibodies is not related to the severity of asthma. This conclusion may be related to the known heterogeneity of autoanti-IgE antibodies in terms of their ability to trigger basophil histamine release.
Adolescent↗
Differences in the sex ratios of offspring originating in the right and left ovaries of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).
Two experiments were undertaken to investigate the cause of the observed tendency of Mongolian gerbil dams to gestate more male than female fetuses in their right uterine horns and more female than male fetuses in their left uterine horns. It was found in Expt 1 that female gerbils that had both ovaries removed and portions of their right ovary placed in both ovarian capsules gestated significantly more male fetuses than did females that had both ovaries removed and portions of their left ovaries placed in both ovarian capsules. Expt 2 showed that female gerbils that had both their ovaries removed and then returned to their original locations gestated more males in their right uterine horns than in their left, while females that had the positions of their ovaries exchanged gestated more male fetuses in their left uterine horns than in their right. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that lateral asymmetries in gerbil ovaries rather than in gerbil uterine horns cause partial uterine segregation of gerbil fetuses by sex.
Animals↗
Hormonally mediated inheritance of acquired characteristics in Mongolian gerbils.
The intrauterine position relative to members of the same or opposite sex that a rodent fetus occupies affects both its morphology and behaviour when adult. Female fetuses that mature between males are androgenized by testosterone crossing fetal membranes, and their phenotypes as adults differ significantly from those of sisters that received less intrauterine exposure to exogenous testosterone. We report here that adult female Mongolian gerbils that gestated between male fetuses produce litters containing a significantly greater proportion of sons than the litters produced by those that gestated between female fetuses. Consequently, daughters delivered by dams that gestated between male fetuses are more likely to have gestated between male fetuses and be androgenized in utero than are daughters of dams that gestated between female fetuses. Female gerbils thus tend to inherit the phenotype (either androgenized or not androgenized) of their respective mothers.
Animals↗
Androgen mediated effects of male fetuses on the behavior of dams late in pregnancy.
Two correlational studies were undertaken to explore the relationship between the sex ratio of the pups that a female Mongolian gerbil gestated and her behavior, morphology, and hormone levels late in pregnancy. In the first study, we found that the change in sex ratio between the first and second litters that a female gerbil delivered and the change in her frequency of scent marking late in her first and second pregnancies were significantly correlated. In the second study, we found significant positive correlations between both the percentage and the number of males in the litter a female delivered and (1) her plasma testosterone levels, (2) the size of her ventral gland, and (3) her frequency of scent marking, all measured late in pregnancy. Our data were entirely consistent with the hypothesis that fetal males excrete biologically significant quantities of testosterone into their dam's bloodstream and that this testosterone masculinizes both the behavior and morphology of dams late in pregnancy.
Androgens↗
Intrauterine position effects on sexually dimorphic asymmetries of Mongolian gerbils: testosterone, eye opening, and paw preference.
A series of experiments was undertaken to both discover and explore the causes of sexually dimorphic phenotypic asymmetries in infant and adult Mongolian gerbils. We found that (1) the order in which the eyes of individual gerbil pups opened varied with their gender; right eyes of female pups opened before left eyes, while left eyes of male pups opened before right eyes, and (2) the paw that adult gerbils held in the air while maintaining a species-typical tripedal stance varied with gender; female gerbils held their right paws in the air significantly more often than did male gerbils. Both order of eye opening and laterality of paw use while in a tripedal stance varied significantly as a function of the intrauterine position which subjects had occupied as fetuses. These data implicate exposure to testosterone as a mediator of the development of asymmetries exhibited by Mongolian gerbils.
Animals↗
Responsiveness to testosterone of male gerbils from known intrauterine positions.
Following either a) castration or b) both castration and implantation with capsules releasing a constant, physiological dose of testosterone, adult male Mongolian gerbils that had matured in intrauterine positions between two male fetuses still scent marked with greater frequency than did male gerbils that had matured in intrauterine positions between two female fetuses. We also found significant positive correlations between the relative frequency of scent marking exhibited by individual male gerbils when intact, after castration and after both castration and implantation with capsules releasing testosterone. Each of these findings is consistent with the view that differential exposure to testosterone, as a consequence of fetal intrauterine position, has lasting effects on the organization of scent-marking by male gerbils.
Animals↗
Cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse.
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Humans↗
Intrauterine positions and testosterone levels of adult male gerbils are correlated.
Those male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) that developed in intrauterine positions between two male fetuses had significantly higher levels of serum testosterone, as adults, than did those adult male gerbils that developed in intrauterine positions between two female fetuses. The endogenous testosterone levels of adult male gerbils were significantly positively correlated with both the sizes of their ventral scent glands and their frequencies of scent marking. We found no evidence of pulsatile release of testosterone in adult male gerbils.
Animals↗
Increased saliva cotinine concentrations in smokers during rapid weight loss.
Although the effect of smoking cessation on weight gain is well-documented, little is known about the effect of weight loss on smoking. We examined the association between saliva cotinine levels and weight loss in a group of 9 obese female smokers during participation in a protein-sparing modified fast (Optifast). For the first 3 months of treatment, subjects consumed only the protein-sparing supplement; for the next 3 months, food was gradually reintroduced. Body mass index and saliva cotinine concentration were assessed at study entry and at 3 and 6 months. A significant weight loss was noted at 3 and 6 months, yet the cotinine level increased significantly over this time. It is unclear whether the cotinine increase is due to metabolic changes or an actual increase in nicotine intake. The results suggest that smoking-related health risks may increase during periods of significant weight loss.
Adult↗
Current treatment of obesity: a behavioral medicine perspective.
Obesity is a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon. It has a profound effect on patients' physical and psychological health. Due to the complexity of the problem and the recidivism following treatment, it is recommended that obese patients receive in-depth interdisciplinary evaluation to match them appropriately to comprehensive treatment. Participation in an interdisciplinary comprehensive active weight loss treatment program followed by participation in a professionally led biweekly behavioral maintenance program that included social influence and aerobic exercise has generated maintenance of 83% of initial weight loss at an 18-month follow up. This comprehensive multi-disciplinary treatment approach, best offered in a behavioral medicine center setting, represents state-of-the-art treatment at this time and can result in long-term medical and psychological benefits for the obese patient.
Behavior Therapy↗
Nonrandom sex composition of gerbil, mouse, and hamster litters before and after birth.
Examining data describing the sex composition of 1074 Caesarean-delivered litters of house mice, 253 Caesarean-delivered and 265 vaginally delivered litters of Mongolian gerbils, and 854 vaginally delivered litters of golden hamsters, we determined whether segregation of sexes between uterine horns and correlations between litter size and litter sex ratio were present in each of the three rodent species studied. Although significant deviations from expected distributions of male and female fetuses were found, these deviations from chance were not the same in any two of the three species examined. Analyses also indicated that the correlation between litter size and litter sex ratio that Huck, Seger, and Lisk (1990) found in vaginally delivered infant hamsters is present in vaginally delivered infant Mongolian gerbils, but not in their Caesarean-delivered colony mates. In gerbils, and perhaps hamsters as well, the correlation between litter size and litter sex ratio appears to be a result of sex-biased perinatal mortality correlated with litter size rather than of sex-biased conception correlated with litter size.
Animals↗
Unconfounded evidence of sex-biased, postnatal maternal effort by Mongolian gerbil dams.
In previous studies of effects of offspring sex on postnatal maternal effort there has often been unintentional confounding of the sex ratio of the pups that a dam reared with the sex ratio of the litter that she gestated. By controlling the sex ratio of litters that female subjects gestated, we showed that (1) the probability of dams retrieving pups was influenced by the sex ratio of the litters dams gestated, not by the sex of litters that dams reared and (2) both frequency of nursing and duration of vaginal closure were influenced by the sex of litters that dams reared, not by the sex ratios of litters that dams gestated.
Animals↗