The authors extend earlier work on the impact of climate and culture on child survival in nineteenth-century Italy. They find that "new data for the Kingdom of Sardinia during 1828-37 confirm the preeminence of cultural factors related to child care over pure climatic causes. In the French speaking Savoy, with a continental climate, differences between infant mortality of the winter and of the summer cohorts are very small. In Piedmont, with the same climate, infant mortality of the winter cohort was 35% higher than infant mortality of the summer cohort. In Liguria, with a mild climate because of maritime influence, the differences between winter and summer cohorts are reduced but still evident, Nice being closer to Liguria than to the other French speaking areas." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Climate↗

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[The census of Floridablanca in the context of European censuses].

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Americas↗

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Demographics and the pension system.

"Italian demographic evolution closely resembles that of the other leading European countries, although with some distinctive features, such as a lower birth rate, more rapid population aging and fewer immigrants. Projections for the next two or three decades point to accelerating expansion of the aged population, especially of the very old, and a contraction of the working age population after the turn of the century. However, there are also unknowns involved in the demographic evolution of the aged population, turning on the speed of the decline in senile mortality in the decades to come and the possible effects on the health of the elderly population, hence on the demand for social services, considering among other things changing family patterns. There is broad agreement that the birth rate is now too low, that this could have serious long-run repercussions on relations between generations and on intergenerational transfers, and that there is room for social policy action to influence the reproductive choices of couples. This article examines several possible reproductive models and discusses the foundations for action and the potential policy contradictions."

Age Distribution↗