Biomedical subjects

M Latka

Publications and source records attributed to M Latka.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

The influence of acute progressive hypoxia on bioelectrical activity of the brain.

Hypoxia, a noxious and hyperventilatory stimulus and a modifier of neuronal metabolism, could influence cortical function. In this study we attempted to assess any such influence, its determinants, and particularly the role in it of the accompanying hypoxic emotional distress. We addressed the issue by examining the associations among EEG, ventilation, and anxiety during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxia (end-point SaO(2) approximately 75%) in 12 awake healthy volunteers (mean age 27.5 +/-0.7 yr). All subjects hyperventilated in response to hypoxia and 3 of them had a high level of anticipatory anxiety that forced one person to discontinue the test. We failed to show any major effect of hypoxia on the EEG pattern analyzed by visual inspection or wavelet power spectra. Therefore, no relationship between the ventilatory and cortical activity responses to hypoxia could be established. Cortical activity changes appeared, however, in the subjects who experienced emotional distress during the test. These changes were apparent on an expanded analysis of the EEG signal by the use of the Lempel-Ziv complexity that takes into account the ordering of variations in the signal, rather than only the relative frequency of events analyzed by the Shannon entropy. The Lempel-Ziv complexity offers promise as a novel method for unraveling fine and otherwise unexpressed alterations in cortical bioelectrical activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with interest in initiating treatment for hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection among young HCV-infected injection drug users.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify factors associated with interest in receiving therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HCV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) in 3 United States cities. METHODS: IDUs aged 18-35 years who were HCV-infected and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus underwent surveys on behaviors, experience, and interest in treatment for HCV infection and readiness to quit drug use. RESULTS: Among treatment-naive IDUs (n=216), 81.5% were interested in treatment for HCV infection, but only 27.3% had seen a health-care provider since receiving a diagnosis of HCV infection. Interest in treatment for HCV infection was greater among IDUs with a high perceived threat of progressive liver disease, those with a usual source of care, those without evidence of alcohol dependence, and those with higher readiness scores for quitting drug use. Interest in treatment for HCV infection was 7-fold higher among IDUs who were told by their health-care provider that they were at risk for cirrhosis or liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Improving provider-patient communication and integrating treatments for substance abuse and HCV may increase the proportion of IDUs who initiate treatment for HCV infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Wavelet mapping of sleep spindles in young patients with epilepsy.

Using the wavelet mapping of sleep spindles we investigated influence of focal epilepsy on spindle generation. We found that the maximum of sleep spindle intensity is usually localized away from the epileptic focus. We discuss the possibility of the application of wavelet mapping for localization of epileptic foci prior to epileptic neurosurgery.

Brain Mapping↗

PubMed2004

Acceptance and completion of hepatitis B vaccination among drug users in New York City.

Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination rates remain low among drug users. We examined correlates of vaccine acceptance and completion in two ongoing prospective studies of young injecting and non-injecting drug users in New York City. Street recruited drug users were enrolled at one of two neighbourhood locations (Harlem and the Bronx) between 2000 and 2004 and completed risk behaviour questionnaires and HBV testing. Free HBV vaccination was offered. Among 1117 participants, 26.1% (275) had a previous HBV infection, 57.9% (610) were susceptible to HBV, and 16.0% (169) had serological evidence of previous vaccination. Of the 610 participants susceptible to HBV, 466 (76.4%) returned for their results and were offered vaccination; 53.9% (251) received at least one dose of the vaccine (acceptors). Correlates of vaccine acceptance included older age, public assistance as main income source, and being recruited in the Bronx. Daily crack users were significantly less likely to initiate the vaccine series. Among 240 vaccine acceptors, 98 (40.8%) completed all three doses. Daily injectors, Hispanics, and those recruited in Harlem were less likely to complete the vaccination series. HBV vaccination acceptance among drug users seems likely in programmes that are convenient and offer remuneration; however, extended efforts are needed to improve series completion.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Use-effectiveness of the female versus male condom in preventing sexually transmitted disease in women.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on the female condom's effectiveness against STDs. GOAL: The goal was to compare STD rates between women given small-group education on, and free supplies of, either female or male condoms. STUDY DESIGN: Female patients at an STD clinic (n = 1442) were randomly assigned to condom type and followed via medical records for STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia, early syphilis, or trichomoniasis). RESULTS: In an intention-to-treat analysis, the odds ratio for a comparison of STD occurrence between the female and male condom groups was 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-1.01), and it did not change with adjustment. In a second analysis among women returning for subsequent screening, incidence rates for the first new postintervention STD per 100 woman-months of observation were 6.8 in the female condom group and 8.5 in the male condom group (rate ratio = 0.79 [CI, 0.59-1.06]). CONCLUSION: Compared with those provided with male condoms alone, women counseled on, and provided with, female condoms fared no worse and experienced a nonsignificant reduction in STDs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Prevalence, incidence, and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among young adult injection drug users.

PURPOSE: To measure prevalence, incidence, and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among injection drug users (IDUs). METHODS: Participants (n = 2129; 63% male, 52% white, ages 18-30 years) in five US cities were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea by urine LCR assay and completed a standardized questionnaire about demographics and recent sexual behavior. Logistic regression identified correlates of prevalent infection; incidence rates were calculated from 6-month follow-up data. RESULTS: Chlamydia prevalence was 5.2% and did not differ by gender. Gonorrhea prevalence was 0.2% among men and 2.0% among women, P < .001. Among men, younger age [OR (95% CI): 0.89 (0.83-0.96)], age at sexual debut [0.91 (0.83-0.99)], and African American race [2.92 (1.53-5.59)] were associated with chlamydia. Among women, age at sexual debut [1.16 (1.02-1.31)] and commercial sex [1.96 (1.03-3.74)] were associated with chlamydia, and with gonorrhea [1.27 (1.04-1.56)] and [5.17 (1.66-16.11)], respectively. At 6 months, the cumulative incidence of chlamydia was 1.7% among men and 4.4% among women, P = .03; no men and 1.3% of women tested positive for gonorrhea, P = .01. IMPLICATIONS: Prevalence and correlates of chlamydia and gonorrhea were similar to other samples, suggesting that screening criteria need not be modified for IDU populations. The number of behavioral correlates identified was limited; perhaps unmeasured sexual-network-level factors play a role in determining sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Health care utilization among young adult injection drug users in Harlem, New York.

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study investigated the predictors for and patterns of health care utilization among young adult injection drug users (IDUs). METHODS: The subjects were 206 IDUs, ages 18-29, who were street-recruited from Harlem, New York. Participants were interviewed about their drug use, health conditions, and use of services such as health care, needle exchange programs (NEPs), and drug treatment in the preceding 6 months. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Health insurance was associated with use of health care both among NEP users [AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 10.66] and non-NEP users (AOR 2.45). Use of health care was independently associated with drug treatment (AOR 2.58), being gay/bisexual (AOR 3.86), and negatively associated with injecting cocaine (AOR 0.56). Half the participants (49%) had used health care in the previous 6 months; 48% were uninsured. Many participants who did not use health services reported a condition that would have warranted medical care. IMPLICATIONS: Health insurance was strongly associated with use of health care, particularly among those who attend NEPs. Young adult IDUs may benefit from increased efforts to help them arrange and maintain health insurance coverage, potentially at NEPs. NEPs may be connecting young IDUs with health insurance to medical care through referrals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Achieving safer sex with choice: studying a women's sexual risk reduction hierarchy in an STD clinic.

A flexible, risk-reduction approach, as compared with a single method approach, may increase sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV protection for women attending STD clinics. A brief intervention was tested in an observational study of 292 STD clinic patients in three distinct cohorts. These included subjects counseled on (1) the "women's safer sex hierarchy of prevention methods" (hierarchy cohort, n = 118), including the female condom (FC), male condom (MC), diaphragm, cervical cap, and spermicides, (2) MC only (n = 62), or (3) FC (n = 112) only. We evaluate method use and level of protection achieved at 6-month follow-up among the women in the hierarchy cohort and compare the level of unprotected sex across the three cohorts, using ordinal logistic regression analyses and an imputation procedure to account for attrition. In the hierarchy cohort, the MC, FC, spermicidal film, foam, suppository, and diaphragm were used with main partners by 80%,46%, 37%, 28%, 17%, and 5% of women, respectively. Spermicides were used frequently, mainly in conjunction with condoms. As compared with hierarchy subjects, both MC cohort subjects (OR = 2.3, p = 0.01) and FC cohort subjects (OR = 1.6, p = 0.11) were more likely to report 100% unprotected sex. The tendency for subjects to move toward higher levels of protection was observed most strongly in the hierarchy group. Hierarchical-type counseling, compared with single method counseling, leads to increased protection during sex among women at high risk of STD/HIV infection and should be implemented in STD clinics.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Female-initiated barrier methods for the prevention of STI/HIV: where are we now? Where should we go?

The female condom has been on the US market for over 8 years and was hailed as a method that would allow women greater control in protecting themselves against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. However, since its launch, promotion of the female condom has met with challenges that vary from provider bias against the device, concerns about efficacy, and doubts about whether it will be used. While daunting, many of these challenges are not unique to the female condom. In fact, they parallel those of the tampon when it was first promoted in the US for menstrual hygiene in the early 1930s. Many providers were initially opposed to the tampon; early users found the tampon inadequate. Ten years after the introduction of the tampon and despite mass marketing, acceptability was mixed and use was modest (25% prevalence in a 26-city survey). Similar to female condom use observed in current-day prospective studies, users did not use the tampon exclusively or even predominantly. The story of the tampon demonstrates that a method does not have to be adopted by all users immediately to play an important role, and that even initially controversial methods can become widely accepted as mainstream. The early history of the tampon sheds perspective, and hope, on where we stand with the female condom. While much-needed work is under way to develop microbicides, we should take advantage of the fact that the female condom is already available and promote it to those in need now.

Advertising↗

PubMed2001

Acceptability of the Reality female condom and a latex prototype.

We report on the comparative acceptability of a prototype latex female condom and the polyurethane Reality female condom. We also identified factors associated with acceptability, measured via a composite index with domains related to ease of insertion, noise, and comfort during insertion and use. There were 135 couples in this randomized crossover trial. The average age was 30 years; more than 60% had education beyond high school; 40% were married; and participants were at low risk for sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy (due to the investigational status of the prototype). Participants were asked to use three of each of the study condoms during a 6-week period. Acceptability ratings on 12 items were summed into a composite index for each participant by condom type. The index midpoint (range) for females was 48 (12-84), and it was 32 (8-56) for males, with lower scores indicating higher acceptability (men completed only a subset of the acceptability questions). Both condoms were equally acceptable: Mean scores were 37 and 40 for the women's ranking of the prototype and Reality, respectively (P =.07) and 29 and 30 for men's rankings, respectively (P =.35). Multiple regression models to predict acceptability scores by gender were somewhat uninformative (most R(2) values were less than 0.10). Nevertheless, minority ethnicity (African American or Hispanic vs. white) was associated with higher acceptability by both genders for both condom types. Among women, for both condom types, less education (less than high school compared with high school or beyond) was associated with higher acceptability. Female condom acceptability may not be equally distributed across demographic groups, which is important for health educators to keep in mind when promoting the female condom.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

A randomized trial of hierarchical counseling in a short, clinic-based intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases in women.

INTRODUCTION: Effective public health interventions to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted disease (STD), including HIV, among women are urgently needed. METHODS: A randomized trial among STD clinic patients of two types of counseling regarding methods to reduce disease transmission: a 'hierarchical' message (HP), with counseling on male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides (three formulations) and a single method message (SM) covering male condoms only or female condoms only. For this analysis, 1591 subjects received one of three educational messages at the central public STD clinic in Philadelphia. Disease incidence data for up to 6 months following the index visit were extracted from the clinic's electronic database. The primary outcome was STD reinfection: laboratory-confirmed trichomonas infection and/or clinical diagnoses of at least one of four STD. Rates were based on the full sample of randomized women (full sample) and on the subset who spontaneously returned between 22 days and 183 days following their initial visit (returners). RESULTS: Rates of trichomonas infection (SM 2.5% full sample and 12.9% returners versus HP 2.4% full sample and 11.5% returners) and clinical diagnoses (SM 6.3% full sample and 39.7% returners versus HP 6.9% full sample and 41.2% returners) did not differ across the two arms of the randomized trial, both as a straight percentage and in survival analysis (P = .81). CONCLUSION: At least in this single-session intervention trial, increasing choices in protection for women did not produce a change in disease risk compared with single-method approaches.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Structural integrity of the female condom after a single use, washing, and disinfection.

The Reality(R) female condom is approved for use during a single act of intercourse, but is expensive relative to other barrier methods. Re-use is a potential strategy to reduce its per-use cost. We tested the structural integrity of female condoms (n = 318) after a single act of vaginal intercourse. We also measured the impact of laboratory washing (1, 5, or 10 times) with and without disinfection on the structural integrity of unused condoms. Structural integrity was measured via 5 tests: seam tensile strength, water leakage, air-burst, tear propagation, and device dimensions. No degradation in device structural integrity occurred after a single use when compared to control for seam tensile (16.0 vs.15.7 mPa; p = 0.558); water leakage (1.9% vs. 0.9%; p = 0.618); air burst (3.9 vs. 3.6 kPa; p <0.001); or tear propagation (344.6 vs. 336.8 psi; p = 0.313). Mean length was slightly increased [single use vs. control (177.9 vs. 172.5 mm; p <0.001)]. No consistent pattern of structural degradation emerged across all wash/disinfection groups. Our data suggest the structural integrity of the female condom remains intact after a single use and cleaning.

Coitus↗

PubMed2000

Male-condom and female-condom use among women after counseling in a risk-reduction hierarchy for STD prevention.

BACKGROUND: A concern with hierarchy messages, which promote male condoms and female-controlled barrier methods along a prevention continuum, is that they may discourage condom use. GOAL: To measure male-condom and female-condom use among women who received hierarchy counseling and compare this with women counseled about condoms only. STUDY DESIGN: Three observational cohorts that correspond to prevention message received were assembled, and consisted of female sexually transmitted disease clinic patients who were counseled about male condoms, female condoms, or a hierarchy message. The hierarchy message promoted male and female condoms, the diaphragm and cervical cap, spermicides, and withdrawal, in descending order of effectiveness against sexually transmitted diseases. After counseling, women were interviewed and returned for follow-up visits at 2 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months. The outcome was the mean proportion of male condom- or female condom-protected coital acts at each follow-up visit in the hierarchy cohort. The outcome was dichotomized as high (> or = 70% of coital acts protected) or low (< 70%), and generalized estimating equations were used to compare observed follow-up condom use with baseline within the hierarchy cohort and observed follow-up condom use between cohorts. It was assumed that condom use in persons not present at 6 months was equal to baseline levels, and condom use estimates were calculated for each full cohort that was initially enrolled.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1999

Exercise and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype.

We examined whether exercise during pregnancy is associated with chromosomally normal spontaneous abortion. We hypothesized that associations would be confined to chromosomally normal losses since only these can be influenced appreciably by experiences during pregnancy. The study population comprises women with chromosomally normal (N = 173) and aberrant (N = 173) losses. Women who exercised during pregnancy had a lower risk of a chromosomally normal spontaneous abortion (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Other types of physical activity had little effect.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1995