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M L Slattery

Publications and source records attributed to M L Slattery.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States).

Data from a population-based study of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer (n = 362) and age-matched controls (n = 685) conducted in Utah (United States) between 1983 and 1986 were used to determine if cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine were associated with prostate cancer risk. These factors were examined since their use differs in the Utah population, which is comprised predominantly of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon), from most other populations. Pack-years of cigarettes smoked, alcohol intake, and consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, and caffeine were not associated with prostate cancer risk. Compared with men with very low levels of theobromine intake, older men consuming 11 to 20 and over 20 mg of theobromine per day were at increased risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] for all tumors = 2.06, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.33-3.20, and OR = 1.47, CI = 0.99-2.19, respectively; OR for aggressive tumors = 1.90, CI = 0.90-3.97, and OR = 1.74, CI = 0.91-3.32, respectively). We present biological mechanisms for a possible association between prostate cancer and theobromine. This finding needs further exploration in studies with a wider range of theobromine exposures and more men with aggressive tumors.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The associations between family history of coronary heart disease, physical activity, dietary intake and body size.

Physical activity has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as several CHD risk factors. In this study, we examine the association of a positive family history of CHD and physical activity on dietary intake and body size indicators among 891 healthy young adults (18 to 39 years of age) and 471 older adults (40 to 83) observed between 1980 and 1986. Participants reported the number of times per week they walked and/or jogged one mile, biked three miles, participated in sports, or performed other intense activities. Older men with a family history of CHD reported more physical activity than men without a family history of CHD (60% compared to 28.6%; p = 0.002). Younger women without a family history of CHD reported more physical activity than women with a family history of CHD (30.2% compared to 15.9%; p = 0.004). Fruit and vegetable intake increased with increasing levels of physical activity in younger adults. The only dietary association with family history was higher levels of fatty foods reported among older women with a family history versus those without a family history (p = 0.03). Young women with a family history of CHD were more likely to have higher BMI levels at all levels of physical activity and a higher percent of their ideal body weight per unit of physical activity (p = 0.01). For instance, young women who were most active with a family history of CHD were at 115% of their ideal body weight, while those without a family history were at 110.2% of their ideal body weight. There were no significant interactions between physical activity and CHD family history in this population. These findings suggest that family history of CHD alone may not be adequate to stimulate one to adopt a more healthy lifestyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Is survival among women diagnosed with breast cancer influenced by family history of breast cancer?

In this study, we examine the association between having a family history of breast cancer and survival after diagnosis with breast cancer. Data for this study were from the Utah Population Database, a linked database consisting of genealogy data of Mormon pioneer families, Utah Cancer Registry data, and Vital Statistics data. We observed that women who had a mother with breast cancer were more likely to die of any cause than women without a mother with breast cancer [hazard rate ratio (HRR) = 1.36, 95% confidence limits (CL) = 1.04, 1.79], as were women with over 30 female relatives with breast cancer (HRR = 1.69, 95% CL = 1.16, 2.45). Similar findings were observed for women dying of breast cancer. Other indicators of family history were not associated with survival except within specific age groups. Women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 50 or before had poorer survival if they had a family history of breast cancer. Relative risk estimates were 1.54 (95% CL = 0.98, 2.41) for first degree relative, 1.55 (95% CL = 0.87, 2.78) for mother, and 2.65 (95% CL = 1.23, 5.74) for more than 30 female relatives with breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Environmental determinants of urinary kallikrein excretion.

Decreased urinary kallikrein excretion has been shown to be related to hypertension. Kallikrein levels also have been shown to be determined primarily by genes, with 51% of the total variance being due to a single gene. However, there exists strong spouse-spouse correlation, indicating that common environment plays a significant role. This study used 69 pairs of monozygous twins to investigate possible dietary, biochemical, and anthropometric determinants of kallikrein that could result in this high spouse correlation. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion differences were significantly related to kallikrein differences, with urinary potassium having the strongest relationship (r = 0.46, P = .0001). Urinary pH (r = 0.23, P = .03) and systolic blood pressure (r = -0.25, P = .03) differences were associated with urinary kallikrein excretion differences independently of urinary potassium. Information on nutrients was obtained from a dietary food frequency questionnaire that ascertains usual intake over the last 5 years. Kallikrein differences between monozygous twins were not explained by differences in nutrient intake as measured by this questionnaire. Therefore, urinary potassium and pH probably represent the more acute effects of recent dietary sodium and potassium intake on urinary kallikrein levels. Urinary potassium, pH, and systolic blood pressure differences explained 34% of the difference in kallikrein levels between monozygous twins. The significant difference in systolic blood pressure between twins, even after controlling for electrolyte excretion differences suggests an additional unmeasured environmental variable that is associated with decreased kallikrein excretion and elevated blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Quality control of dietary data collection in the CARDIA study.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study developed and implemented quality control (QC) measures to minimize misclassification associated with dietary data. Manual and automated data inspection were used to monitor quality. Of the 5111 participants who completed a dietary history, 717 (14%) had dietary forms reviewed and 153 (3%) had the interview audiotaped. Results show that for the 717 forms reviewed, the overall form completion error rate was 0.22% and the "critical" error rate (i.e., those errors impacting on nutrient computations) was 0.12%. The proportion of forms free of any type of error increased over time (p less than 0.0001). The discrepancy rate in recording and interviewing methods as estimated from the 153 audiotaped interviews was 0.7%. Inter-interviewer differences were small as indicated by the audiotaped interviews and the proportion of error-free forms completed by interviewers. The results indicate that the dietary data collected in CARDIA were completely and accurately recorded for use in analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites.

Cross-sectional associations between body fat and its distribution and environmental factors influencing energy balance were examined in 5115 young adults. Protein was directly associated with body mass index (BMI) in all race and sex groups (P less than 0.01) after age, education, cigarette-smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity were adjusted for. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with BMI in males (P = 0.02). Total physical activity was inversely associated with BMI in white women and with skinfold-thickness measures (P less than 0.01) in all groups. Waist-to-hip-circumference ratio (WHCR) was positively associated with total kilojoules (kilocalories) in women, inversely associated with percent of kilojoules (kilocalories) from carbohydrates in whites, grams of crude fiber/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (except in black men), and physical activity (except in white women). WHCR was directly associated with cigarette smoking except in black men, and with total alcohol intake in men. Beer was consistently associated with WHCR in all race and sex groups.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Are race and sex differences in lung function explained by frame size? The CARDIA Study.

Using the CARDIA cohort of 20- to 32-yr-old black and white men and women, FVC and FEV1 were standardized for standing height, sitting height, leg height, elbow breadth, and biacromial diameter in such a way that the standardized lung function showed minimal statistical dependence on these measures of frame size. Race and sex differences in lung function have been reported even after adjustment for height; however, these differences might depend on aspects of frame size other than height. We found that within this age group height2 provided robust standardization for FVC and FEV1 for all race and sex strata of the population. Height explained approximately 40% of the variance of FVC and FEV1 in whites, 30% in black women, and 20% in black men. In black men only, standardization for the combination of sitting height, leg height, elbow breadth, and biacromial diameter improved explained variance to nearly 40% for FVC and nearly 30% for FEV1. After standardization for height, FVC and FEV1 were found to be 14 to 19% higher in whites than in blacks, and in men than in women. Standardization of FVC and FEV1 for sitting height, leg height, elbow breadth, and biacromial diameter combined reduced these differences to 13-16%. Thus, race and sex differences in lung function exist even after detailed adjustment for frame size.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Anthropometric predictors of coronary heart disease and total mortality: findings from the US Railroad Study.

Prospective data from the US Railroad Study were used to investigate the relations of several anthropometric variables to coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in males initially free of cardiovascular disease. Middle-aged men were examined in 1957-1960 and followed until 1977 or death. Anthropometric indicators of total body fat (body mass index and the sum of the subscapular and triceps skinfolds) and central body fat (the ratios chest circumference/biacromial (shoulder) diameter, and chest circumference/standing height) were significantly and directly associated with age-adjusted coronary heart disease mortality. When systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and vital capacity were also taken into account, the ratio chest circumference/biacromial diameter remained significantly associated with coronary heart disease mortality. Total, central, and peripheral body fat had a "U"-shaped relation with all-cause mortality. Measures of the ratio of central to peripheral body fat were inconsistently related to mortality. These results indicate that certain anthropometric measurements, especially those that may indicate central adiposity, are positively related to the development of fatal coronary heart disease and quadratically related to all-causes death rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of two methods of assessing physical activity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire among 4,956 young blacks and whites aged 18-30 years at the baseline examination (1985-1986) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors. The Physical Activity Recall questionnaire categorized all activity during the previous week, while the Physical Activity History questionnaire quantified participation in 13 specific activities during the previous year. This report compares the two questionnaires with regard to their characterization of the activity levels of the sociodemographic subgroups of the study population and their associations with known physiologic correlates of physical activity. Both questionnaires resulted in the same physical activity patterns for sex (men greater than women) and age (younger greater than older) strata. However, the mean Physical Activity History score was higher in white women than in black women, while the Physical Activity Recall scores were nearly equal. The Physical Activity History score was directly related to educational status, and the Physical Activity Recall score was inversely related to educational status. The Physical Activity History score was generally more strongly associated with physiologic variables known to be related to physical activity (e.g., treadmill test duration). Based upon these findings, which may only be appropriate in this age group, it was concluded that the Physical Activity History score was the more valid measure of habitual physical activity in this study group of young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Is vaginal douching related to cervical carcinoma?

The association between cervical carcinoma and vaginal douching was examined in a population-based case-control study conducted in the low-risk population of Utah between 1984 and 1987. The authors compared 266 cases of in situ and invasive cervical carcinoma with 408 group-matched controls by vaginal douching behavior, controlled for age, lifetime number of sex partners, cigarette smoking history, religious activity, and educational level. Essentially no association was found in women who douched once per week or less, but in those who douched more than once per week, a consistent relation was demonstrated (adjusted odds ratio = 4.7, 95% confidence interval 1.9-11). Few differences were found with type of douching preparation used. The authors hypothesize that frequent douching alters the vaginal chemical environment, making the cervix more susceptible to pathologic change.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors.

A population-based case-control study in Utah of 358 cases diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1984 and 1985, and 679 controls categorically matched by age and county of residence, were interviewed to investigate the association between dietary intake of energy (kcal), fat, protein, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, zinc, cadmium, selenium, and prostate cancer. Dietary data were ascertained using a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed separately by age (45-67, 68-74) and by tumor aggressiveness. The most significant associations were seen for older males and aggressive tumors. Dietary fat was the strongest risk factor for these males, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.9 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.0-8.4) for total fat; OR = 2.2 (CI = 0.7-6.6) for saturated fat; OR = 3.6 (CI = 1.3-9.7) for monounsaturated fat; and OR = 2.7 (CI = 1.1-6.8) for polyunsaturated fat. Protein and carbohydrates had positive but nonsignificant associations. Energy intake had an OR of 2.5 (CI = 1.0-6.5). In these older men, no effects were seen for dietary cholesterol, body mass, or physical activity. There was little association between prostate cancer and dietary intake of zinc, cadmium, selenium, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. Total vitamin A had a slight positive association with all prostate cancer (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.9-2.4), but not with aggressive tumors. No associations were found in younger males, with the exception of physical activity which showed active males to be at an increased but nonsignificant risk for aggressive tumors (OR = 2.0, CI = 0.8-5.2) and beta-carotene which showed a nonsignificant protective effect (OR = 0.6, CI = 0.3-1.6). The findings suggest that dietary intake, especially fats, may increase risk of aggressive prostate tumors in older males.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Collinear nutrients and the risk of colon cancer.

The relationship between colon cancer risk and the relative contributions of fat and caloric intake are assessed. A lack of consensus exists regarding the role of each of these dietary factors in the development of colon cancer. This lack of agreement originates from the high correlations between the nutrients, as well as the manner in which researchers treat these dietary variables in their analyses. Four proposed methods are evaluated which attempt to address the collinearity problem in nutritional epidemiology: (1) exclude one or more collinear variables, (2) use the proportion of calories consumed attributable to each dietary component, (3) use a regression-adjustment approach to purge the collinearity correlated nutrients, and (4) ridge regression. Diagnostic tests are reported which assess the degree of collinearity on data collected for a case-control study of colon cancer conducted in Utah between 1979 and 1983. Using logistic regression analyses, we apply each of these methods to case-control data. We find that the risks associated with fat and caloric consumption are extremely sensitive to a priori analytic decisions made by epidemiologist about the underlying collinearity problem.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1991

Meat consumption and its associations with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study.

Using cross-sectional data from the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we assessed associations between meat consumption and other dietary- and health-status indicators. Less than one percent of this sample (n = 32) ate no red meat or poultry, and another 1% (n = 47) ate red meat or poultry less than once per week. Individuals who ate red meat and poultry less than once per week were less likely to drink alcohol (P = 0.003); reported more physical activity (P less than or equal to 0.001); had lower [corrected] Keys scores (P less than or equal to 0.001); consumed diets higher in carbohydrates, starch, fiber, vitamins A and C, and calcium and lower in energy, fat, and protein (P less than or equal to 0.001); had smaller body sizes as indicated by the body mass index [calculated as wt(kg)/ht(m2)] (P = 0.01); and had lower concentrations of total serum cholesterol (P = 0.001), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001), and triglycerides (P = 0.015) compared with individuals who consumed meat more frequently.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Risk factors for cervical carcinoma: does detection bias play a role?

We explored the impact of detection bias on cervical carcinoma risk factors in a population-based case-control study in Utah. Risk estimates for most cervical carcinoma risk factors were virtually the same in women who reported frequent Pap tests as those obtained from the population at large. Women who reported infrequent Pap tests, however, had higher estimates of risk than the general population. The largest difference was observed for those who used frequent vaginal douching, where a risk estimate of 9.5 was observed among women who reported infrequent Pap tests compared with 2.7 for women who reported frequent Pap tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Food-consumption trends between adolescent and adult years and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.

A population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer in Utah was used to assess reported food-consumption patterns for the adolescent and adult years. Men reported eating eggs, whole milk, butter, white bread, cereals, and candy less frequently and red meat, fish, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, margarine, fruits and vegetables, and whole-wheat bread more frequently as adults, indicating that diets changed in the hypothesized direction to correspond to national changes in food-consumption practices. Men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults were at a slightly increased risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer after adjusting for adolescent diet (odds ratio 1.8 comparing high with low intakes), whereas men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adolescents were not at increased risk of developing these tumors after controlling for a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults (odds ratio 1.1).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Dietary vitamins A, C, and E and selenium as risk factors for cervical cancer.

The relation between cervical cancer and dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, and selenium was examined in a population-based case-control study in Utah. Cervical cancer cases (n = 266) and population-based controls (n = 408) were interviewed between 1984 and 1987. Protective effects were observed for vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene but were attenuated by age, level of education, and lifetime cigarette use. Associated risk (comparing highest with lowest quartiles of intake) went from 0.53 (crude) to 0.71 (adjusted) for vitamin A; from 0.55 (crude) to 0.82 (adjusted) for beta-carotene; from 0.45 (crude) to 0.55 (adjusted) for vitamin C; from 0.58 (crude) to 0.60 (adjusted) for vitamin E; and from 0.95 (crude) to 0.70 (adjusted) for selenium. Adjustment for number of sex partners and church attendance, factors significantly related to cervical cancer risk, only slightly attenuated these adjusted risk estimates.

Adult↗