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Biomedical subjects

M Kunde

Publications and source records attributed to M Kunde.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Artificial ventilation for basic life support leads to hyperventilation in first aid providers.

The 'Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care - International Consensus on Science' recommend an artificial ventilation volume of 10 ml/kg bodyweight (equivalent to a tidal volume of 700-1000 ml) without the use of supplemental oxygen in adults with respiratory arrest. For first aid providers using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose-ventilation technique, respectively, a ventilation volume of approximately 9.6 l/min results. Additionally, a deep breath is recommended before each ventilation to increase the end-expiratory oxygen concentration of the air exhaled by the first aid provider. To investigate the effects of these recommendations in healthy volunteers, test persons were asked to ventilate an artificial lung model for a period of up to 10 min. The tidal volume was set at 800 ml at a breathing rate of 12/min. End-tidal carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation (measured by pulse oximetry), and heart rate were measured continuously. Capillary blood gas samples were collected and non-invasive blood pressure readings were recorded prior to the start of ventilation and immediately after the end of the measuring period. The data reveal a statistically significant and clinically relevant decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (P<0.001, median decrease 14 mmHg), and the occurrence of hyperventilation-associated symptoms such as paraesthesia, dizziness, and carpopedal spasms in more than 75% of the participants. Clinically and statistically significant hyperventilation results in first aid providers performing artificial ventilation according to the guidelines. This artificial ventilation is associated with a significant decrease in capillary and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure as well as with multiple symptoms of an acute hyperventilation syndrome. Ventilation performed according to these guidelines may cause injury to the health of the first aid provider. Rescuers ventilating the victim should be replaced at regular intervals and the recommendation to take a deep breath before each ventilation should not be upheld in order to minimise the risk of hyperventilation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[A case of total spinal anaesthesia in pre-hospital emergency care].

We report on a very rare case of pre-hospital total spinal anaesthesia. In addition to initial management, other possible complications of paravertebral injections are discussed. The identification of symptoms and an immediately initiated life-saving therapy can avoid the necessity of introducing extensive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Patients who are adequately treated usually return to their former state of health. Specific medical training of physicians using paravertebral infiltration techniques is mandatory to treat side-effects appropriately. Immediate personal and instrumental measures must be taken for granted to prevent an adverse outcome.

Anesthesia, Spinal↗
PubMed1996

Acute inhalation toxicity testing: considerations of technical and regulatory aspects.

The EU regulatory statute for the acute hazard identification of chemicals requires selection of the two most appropriate routes of administration. Testing employing the oral route is mandatory, whereas selection of the dermal or inhalation route requires expert judgement, i.e. considerations of structural alerts with regard to the inherent acute inhalation toxicity as well as the likelihood of dermal and inhalation exposure, respectively. Currently, testing of chemicals requires acute inhalation exposure of 4-h and 1-h durations according the EU classification and labelling and UN Transport Guidelines, respectively. The analysis made revealed that 1-h exposures appear to add little knowledge in addition to existing 4-h LC50 values and a default value of 4 should be used for conversion of 4-h to 1-h LC50 values, independently of the physical state of the chemical. Therefore, also the unit of concentration of exposure atmospheres should be independent of nominal features of the test substance. Hence, the preferred dose metric is mass (mg/liter air) rather than volume (ppm). Taking into account the overall variability of acute toxicity data the recommendations given are classification into the following groups of 4-h LC50 values: < or = 0.05, > 0.05-0.2, > 0.2-1, > 1-5 and > 5.0 mg/l. No distinction should be made concerning vapours and aerosols with regard to units and conversion factors from 4-h to 1-h LC50 values and the default factor of 4 appears to be most suitable. Further differentiation of classification is not indicated due to technical variability of acute inhalation testing and resolution of the acute bioassay.

Administration, Inhalation↗