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Biomedical subjects

M Kudo

Publications and source records attributed to M Kudo.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Diabetes insipidus caused by lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis.

Pathologic examination at autopsy of a 74-year-old man with central diabetes insipidus revealed that he had a chronic lymphocytic inflammation limited to the infundibulum, stalk, and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. No meningitis, sarcoidosis, or granulomas were detected, though there was evidence of chronic pancreatitis. In addition, neuronal loss with gliosis was observed bilaterally in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The unusual localized inflammatory brain lesion was considered to be responsible for the diabetes insipidus.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[An undifferentiated carcinoma of the stomach--a report of 2 cases].

Two cases of an undifferentiated carcinoma of the stomach have been investigated by conventional histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. The patients were a 73-year-old man and 65-year-old man. A postoperative histological examination of the resected stomach of each patient disclosed large areas of an undifferentiated carcinoma which were relatively well demarcated from areas of the adenocarcinoma. In the undifferentiated carcinomatous areas, the reticulin fiber stain was epithelial in pattern, and mucin staining proved negative. Similarly both Grimelius and Fontana-Masson staining also negative. In like manner immunostains using cytokeratin , vimentin , IgG, IgA, s-100 protein, and NSE were all negative, and an electron microscopic study showed no neurosecretory granules or mucin secretory granules. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of either a malignant lymphoma or small cell anaplastic carcinoma could be excluded, and thus an undifferentiated carcinoma was the determination.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Focal fatty infiltration of the liver in acute alcoholic liver injury: hot spots with radiocolloid SPECT scan.

We present herein a case of focal fatty infiltration of the liver, in which extremely unusual findings were exhibited on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the radiocolloid liver scan. Liver scan was performed on a 46-yr-old patient with a clinical picture of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Multiple hot spots were demonstrated by SPECT scan, and these lesions corresponded to focal fatty infiltration, which were proven by computed tomography (CT). These hot spots disappeared rapidly in accordance with the improvement in fatty change on CT, and with the improvement in the clinical picture. The hot spots in this case were believed to represent the nonuniform intrahepatic shuntings, which presumably caused the development of focal fatty infiltration as well. SPECT may be useful in detecting and monitoring the alteration of hepatic circulation in alcoholic patients with focal fatty infiltration of the liver when planar colloid liver scan shows a mottled pattern.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[Plasma morphine levels during its continuous epidural infusion].

We evaluated plasma levels of morphine during its continuous epidural infusion for postoperative analgesia in nine adult patients. A bolus injection of 3 mg of morphine was administered epidurally 3 hours prior to the proposed end of the surgery, and thereafter continuous epidural infusion of morphine was continued at a rate of 0.167-0.042 mg.hr-1 with a pump (CADD-PCA, 5200P, Pharmacia) during and after the surgery until the 3rd postoperative day. The dose of morphine was gradually decreased to 0.021-0.042 mg.hr-1 without reducing the quality of postoperative analgesia. Plasma morphine levels were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Plasma concentrations of morphine were 4.6 +/- 0.7 (Mean +/- SE) ng.ml-1 at the end of surgery and they decreased thereafter to 0.7 +/- 0.1 ng.ml-1, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng.ml-1 and 0.1 +/- 0.1 ng.ml-1 on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd postoperative days, respectively. Plasma levels of morphine decreased gradually correlating with reduction of infused morphine. Adequate postoperative pain relief was obtained throughout the procedure without any severe complications such as respiratory depression. The analgesic effect of epidural morphine did not parallel with that of plasma concentration. Plasma concentrations of morphine administered by continuous epidural infusion with a pump were estimated to be lower than the minimum analgesic plasma concentration (10-40 ng.ml-1), and the toxic levels of morphine during continuous epidural infusion were not detected by our method.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical studies of cefpodoxime proxetil in pediatric field].

Clinical studies of cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in 60 patients in the pediatric field. The overall efficacy rate on 54 patients with various infections was 98.1%, and few side effects, all of them very mild, were developed in 6 of 60 patients (10%). It was concluded that CPDX-PR was one of the most useful antibiotics in the pediatric field because of the high efficacy rate and the safety.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Convergence of afferent fibers from the entopeduncular nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata onto single neurons in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus: an electron microscope study in the cat.

Convergence of afferent fibers from the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) onto single neurons in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM) was shown electron microscopically in the cat. Axon terminals from the EP were anterogradely labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the EP. Axon terminals from the SNr were degenerated by injecting ibotenic acid into the SNr. Both WGA-HRP-labeled axon terminals and degenerating ones were found on single neuronal profiles in the VM.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructural differences between pallidohabenular terminals and pallidothalamic terminals.

Pallidal terminals in the cat lateral habenular nucleus and the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear complex of the thalamus have been examined electron microscopically. A significant difference was obtained after a quantitative analysis of size and shape parameters of synaptic vesicles in the identified terminals: synaptic vesicles in the pallidohabenular terminals had smaller mean elongation index and larger mean vesicle profile area than those in the pallidothalamic terminals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Direct retinal projections to the lateroposterior thalamic nucleus (LP) in the mole.

Direct retinothalamic projections in the mole, an animal with a highly reduced visual system, were studied after an intraocular injection of wheat germ-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Anterogradely labeled axon terminals were found not only in the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral geniculate body but also in the lateroposterior nucleus on the side contralateral to the intraocular WGA-HRP injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Bilateral projections from the medial superior olivary nucleus to the inferior colliculus in the mole (Mogera robusta).

A retrograde tracing study in the mole using wheat germ-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) indicated that the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) projects to the inferior colliculus (IC) bilaterally. Considering the strict ipsilateral projections from the MSO to the IC in all other eutherian species ever reported, the bilateral projection in the mole is quite unique. This may reflect specializations of the peripheral auditory apparatus of the underground dwellers and/or primitiveness of the insectivorous brains.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Connections of the primary auditory cortex in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus.

The afferent and efferent connections of the primary auditory cortex (AI) of common marmosets were traced following small injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) made at best frequency (BF)-defined sites in the AI. After the injections the animals remained anesthetized for 15-23 hours; they were then perfused transcardially with fixative and the brains were processed for WGA-HRP reaction product. Examination of the disposition of labelled material revealed the following results. First, patches of terminal labelling, and to a lesser extent retrograde labelling, were found outside the injection site in the ipsilateral cortex rostral and caudal to the AI. Second, the region of the contralateral cortex corresponding to the injection site contained labelled terminals throughout the depth of the cortex; labelled neurons were found in the middle layers. Third, in each experiment a discrete region of the medial geniculate body (MG) contained retrogradely labelled neurons interspersed with anterogradely labelled terminals. These regions had a banded appearance, were found in the dorsal and rostral half of the MG, and shifted in location progressively dorsalward as the injection site BF increased. The presence of projection zones rostral and caudal to the AI of marmosets, and the disposition of the MG sources of projection in relation to BF, are similar to observations made on other New World monkeys. The ipsilateral corticocortical projections confirm electrophysiological evidence suggesting the existence of auditory fields rostral and caudal to the AI. The thalamocortical auditory system of the marmoset appears relatively simple, with a comparatively undifferentiated MG projecting to a cortical auditory system dominated by a large AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A morphological evidence for monosynaptic projections from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) to nigrostriatal projection neurons.

Electrolytic lesion was placed in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) in cats, which were injected simultaneously with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the caudate nucleus (Cd). After a survival period of 4 days, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) was examined electron microscopically. Degenerating axon terminals were found to make asymmetric synaptic contacts on dendrites of SNC neurons which were retrogradely labeled with HRP. Thus, TPC neurons were indicated to project monosynaptically to SNC neurons which sent their axons to the Cd.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells from rat thymocytes using recombinant human interleukin-2.

Using a 4-h 51Cr release assay, we observed that thymocytes from Fischer strain rats incubated with recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) developed cytotoxicity to YAC-1 lymphoma, 9L-glioma, and B-16 melanoma cells (effector/target ratio = 25/1). Induction of the lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was as follows: (1) when 5 x 10(6)/ml thymocytes were cultured with various concentrations of rhIL-2 (50, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 units/ml) for 4 days, no cell proliferation was observed at any concentration. However, the LAK cells showed significant cytotoxicity toward all tumor cells at more than 50 units/ml. (2) When 5 x 10(6)/ml thymocytes were cultured for 1 to 6 days with 250 units/ml of rhIL-2, the harvested cell count decreased markedly after the 2nd day. The cytotoxicity of all the tumor cells became significant after the 2nd day, with peak activity on the 4th day. In rat splenocytes, on the other hand, the LAK cells could not be identified because rat splenocytes developed nonspecific cytotoxicity in medium containing fetal calf serum without adding rhIL-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Topographic projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta of the cat with special reference to pallidal projection.

Projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) were studied by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques with horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the cat. Following WGA-HRP injections into the medial TPC area, a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells were seen in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and medial half of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), whereas following WGA-HRP injections into the lateral TPC area, labeled cells were marked in the caudal half of the globus pallidus (GP) and lateral half of the SNr. To confirm the retrograde tracing study, WGA-HRP was injected into the EP or the caudal GP, and anterograde labeling was observed in the TPC areas. Terminal labeling was located in the medial TPC area in the EP injection case, while terminal labeling was observed in the lateral TPC area in the caudal GP injection case. Projections from the striatum to the pallidal complex (the EP and the caudal GP) were also studied autoradiographically by injecting amino acids into various parts of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. Terminal labeling was distributed over the whole extent of the EP and the rostral GP following injections into the rostral striatum (the head of the caudate nucleus or the rostral part of the putamen), while terminal labeling was distributed over the caudal GP following injections into the caudal striatum (the body of the caudate nucleus or the caudal part of the putamen). From these findings, we conclude that there exists a medio-lateral topography in the projection from the basal ganglia to the TPC: The EP receives afferent projections from the rostral striatum and projects to the medial TPC area, whereas the caudal GP receives projections from the caudal striatum and sends fibers to the lateral TPC area.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Light and electron microscopic study of lipid accumulation along margins of experimental cerebral infarcts in rats.

Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the interaction between lipids and host tissue for up to 15 days after experimentally produced cerebral infarcts in 16 rats. A lipid-dense zone was formed along the periphery of the infarcts before a glial response started; a glycogen-rich zone appeared peripheral to the lipid zone. Macrophages and astrocytes then started to proliferate in the lipid and glycogen-rich zones. The cerebral tissue within the lipid zone underwent complete necrosis. Ultrastructurally, lipids were observed in the edematous areas as well as in various types of hematogenous and resident cells. Glycogen granules were present mainly in the astrocytic processes. Macrophages rapidly evolved into foamy macrophages in the central necrotic areas, whereas foamy transformation was not striking in the peripheral, less injured areas. Reactive fibrous astrocytes also contained varying amounts of lipids. The exact biologic significance of the lipid zone in the premacrophagic stage remains unclear; however, since lipids are hydrophobic, they may function as a barrier against edema fluid extension into the adjacent tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Suppression of splenic natural killer cell activity in rats with brain tumors.

After inoculating 9L glioma cells into the brains or into subcutaneous regions of the back of rats, we investigated splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity for 3 weeks using a 4-hour 51Cr release assay. Only rats with brain tumors showed decreased splenic NK cell activity. The spleens of these rats were morphologically small and atrophic. Expansive brain tumors were compressing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus after 2 weeks, and the rats ultimately died of cerebral herniation, usually by 3 weeks after inoculation. The decreased splenic NK cell activity in rats with brain tumors might be the result of neuroimmunomodulation secondary to hypothalamic dysfunction due to increasing tumor compression.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Metabolism of leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 in allergic inflammation in rats.

Using an allergic inflammation model of air pouch type in rats, levels of peptide-leukotriene (LT) C4, D4 and E4 in the pouch fluid were measured chromatographically, and peptide-LT metabolizing activities in the pouch fluid in the anaphylactic phase were examined. 10 min after injection of an antigen (azobenzene arsonate-conjugated acetyl bovine serum albumin) solution into a preformed air pouch on the back of the immunized rats, LTC4 level in the pouch fluid was the highest, followed by LTD4 and LTE4. At 30 min, the order of the level was reversed to LTE4 greater than LTD4 greater than LTC4, and total amount of peptide-LTs (LTC4 + LTD4 + LTE4) was the highest. Supernatant fraction of the pouch fluid collected 30 min after the antigenic challenge, converted [3H]LTC4 into [3H]LTD4, and [3H]LTD4 into [3H]LTE4 in time- and concentration-dependent manner. [3H]LTE4 was not metabolized under these conditions. Heat denaturation of the pouch fluid diminished the conversion of [3H]LTC4 into [3H]LTD4, and [3H]LTD4 into [3H]LTE4. In the granule fraction of purified mast cells, no metabolic activity of [3H]LTs was found. In intact mast cells as well as degranulating mast cells, a small but significant amount of [3H]LTC4 was metabolized into [3H]LTD4 and [3H]LTE4. In contrast, rat serum showed potent metabolizing activities of peptide-LTs. Since plasma exudation into the pouch is very prominent in the anaphylactic phase in this model, peptide-LT metabolizing activities in the pouch fluid are suggested to be attributable to plasma leaked into the pouch during the anaphylactic phase.

Anaphylaxis↗