Endorphines in genetic human obesity.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
M Krotkiewski
Publications and source records attributed to M Krotkiewski.
Zinc and muscle strength and endurance.
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Adolescent↗
[Sarcoidosis of the CNS can easily be mistaken for a brain tumor].
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Adult↗
The effect of a very-low-calorie diet with and without chronic exercise on thyroid and sex hormones, plasma proteins, oxygen uptake, insulin and c peptide concentrations in obese women.
In 18 obese women a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) has been combined with exercise (three times a week = 1650 kcal/week; 6.9 MJ) and compared with the effects of diet alone. The adherence and tolerance of the diet was quite good. Oxygen uptake decreased significantly only in the exercising group. Sex hormones binding globulin increased while prealbumin and retinol binding protein decreased in both groups. Changes in T4, T3, rT3, TSH, TBG and insulin secretion appeared to be equal in both groups. No significant differences between the two groups have been found with respect to body weight, body fat and lean body mass loss. Glucose tolerance deteriorated in the diet only group but remained unchanged in the group combining diet and exercise. Insulin production after oral glucose load did not change in either of the two groups. A more pronounced decrease in c peptide concentration has been observed in exercising groups. Sex hormones binding globulin and testosterone concentration increased in both groups. No changes have been detected in the concentration of transcortin. It is concluded that during a short period of VLCD exercise did not produce a higher body weight loss nor a protective effect on lean body mass.
Blood Proteins↗
Peripheral insulin in response to the sight and smell of food.
Twenty-five obese and 23 reference women were compared with respect to their peripheral insulin concentrations in response to the sight and smell of food. An additional 21 obese women were examined for different control purposes. The women were examined after fasting for approximately 16 hr. Venous blood samples for determination of glucose and insulin were drawn 20, 10, and 1 min prior to the demonstration of food for 5 min. After the food had been presented to the subjects, samples were drawn at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, and 20 min. The response was calculated in two different ways: method I--the difference between meal basal insulin values and mean insulin values during and/or after stimulation, and method II--the "insulin area" over the mean basal concentration was calculated for 0-20 min after start of food presentation. Both methods resulted in significantly higher insulin responses in obese as compared to reference subjects. However, when performing duplicate experiments in the same subjects only method II resulted in reproducible results and even with this method the error was as high as 60%-90%. The high error of the method was partly expected since the insulin elevation is most likely not only a function of controlled external cues but also dependent on unknown sensorimotor and cognitive-affective alterations. No insulin response was observed when obese women were exposed to an external cue that was not food related. Atropine completely blocked the insulin elevation in response to food related external stimuli indicating that this insulin response is mediated via vagus.
Adult↗
Fat cell number, resting metabolic rate, mean heart rate, and insulin elevation while seeing and smelling food as predictors of slimming.
The explanatory value of total fat cell number, resting metabolic rate, mean heart rate during sleep, and peripheral insulin while seeing and smelling food were examined in relation to weight reduction in 19 obese women on a 1100-kcal/day diet. The insulin response while seeing and smelling food was expressed as the insulin area (mU x min x 1(-1)) over the baseline level. Food was presented in front of the patient for 5 min. Insulin was determined in short intervals 20 min before and 20 min after start of food presentation. Fat cell number, resting metabolic rate, and mean heart rate during sleep were determined with standard techniques. All patients went through a period of weight loss, a plateau phase, and a period of weight regain. Body weight, fat cell number, resting metabolic rate, and/or heart rate correlated significantly with degree and rate of weight loss, duration of plateau phase, and rate of regain. In multiple regression analysis fat cell number and resting metabolic rate explained 81% of the variance for weight loss, 66% for rate of regain, and 29% for duration. For duration, only fat cell number contributed significantly. The variance of rate of weight loss was explained up to 49% by metabolic rate and insulin response while seeing and smelling food. The possibility of predicting weight reduction to a certain target weight is of great practical importance since the patients can obtain a realistic goal for their efforts to reduce body weight. Hopefully systematic investigations of factors associated with the inability of obese subjects to maintain weight reduction will improve treatment in the future.
Adipose Tissue↗
Capillary supply and muscle fibre types in patients with intermittent claudication: relationships between morphology and metabolism.
There have been previous reports on an increased oxidative capacity in muscle tissue from the diseased legs of patients with intermittent claudication. The present study was designed to correlate metabolic and morphological data and to investigate whether the metabolic adaptive changes in muscle tissue of claudicating legs were also reflected in morphological variables such as capillary supply, fibre type distribution, and fibre area. The activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase in gastrocnemius muscle was determined and the insulin and glucose uptakes were measured across the leg in the basal state and 10 min following intravenous administration of 25 g glucose. The finding of a reduced relative number of Type II B fibres and a reduced ratio Type II B/II A fibre area, as well as an increased capillary supply to Type II A, indicated that the most extensive morphologic changes in muscle tissue of claudicating legs had occurred in Type II fibres. The increased number of capillaries in contact with Type II A fibres in muscle tissue from claudicating legs, compared with muscle tissue from control legs, suggested that the most apparent metabolic changes occurred in this fibre type in the adaptation process of these patients. The more pronounced morphologic and metabolic changes in Type II fibres suggest that these fibres are more intensely activated than Type I fibres during physical activity in claudicating legs. The insulin uptake correlated positively with the number of capillaries per fibre, suggesting that the endothelial surface area is one of the determining factors for insulin uptake. The percentage of Type II B fibres reflected to a certain extent the metabolic adaptation in muscle tissue.
Aged↗
Effects of castration and testosterone substitution on body composition and muscle metabolism in rats.
Male weanling Wistar rats were castrated or sham-operated and followed for 12 weeks without substitution or with large (2 mg . 14 days-1) or small (0.2 mg . 14 days-1) intramuscular dose of testosterone enantate. Castration without substitution was associated with lower body weight and smaller fat cell sizes in different adipose tissue depots. The epididymal and caudal subcutaneous depots were the most sensitive to castration. The percentage of fast-twitch high-oxidative (type II A) muscle fibers decreased in the non-substituted castrated animals. There was a decrease in phosphorylase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the white portion of the gastrocnemius muscle of the castrates. These changes were reversed by the large dose of testosterone. Removal of testosterone by castration thus seems to "feminize" male rats with respect to body composition and muscle metabolism.
Adipose Tissue↗
Physical training in hyperplastic obesity. V. Effects of atropine on plasma insulin.
Ten hyperplastic obese women were trained physically on an ad-libitum diet preventing them from losing weight. Plasma-insulin concentrations decreased during oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT), an effect which was more clearly seen after atropine administration. After intravenous-glucose administration (IVGTT) these effects were absent or much smaller. Insulin secretion stimulated by the sight and smell of food (CIS) was more pronounced after training, this increase being abolished by atropine. Physical training produces vagotony with well-known effects on circulatory variables such as a slower resting heart rate. Both the results after OGTT and CIS show the effects of increased vagotony also on insulin secretion. This effect tends to hide the insulin-concentration-lowering effect of physical training. This consequence of training is possibly dependent on enteric factors associated with insulin secretion since it was not found after IVGTT.
Adult↗
The effect of unilateral isokinetic strength training on local adipose and muscle tissue morphology, thickness, and enzymes.
One-leg exercise of 5 weeks duration in 10 healthy middleaged women resulted in a significant increment of muscle force in the exercising leg and in a less, but at some angular velocities also significant, increase in the nonexercising leg. The thickness of subcutaneous tissue measured by ultrasound and skinfold caliper decreased, while muscle thickness increased in the exercising leg only. The increased thickness of muscle tissue was associated with an increase in the relative number and relative fiber area of type II fibers in the exercising leg. The mean fiber area of type IIB fibers increased significantly as well as the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and myokinase. The decrease of thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue was not associated with a significant decrease in fat cell size and was probably due to geometrical factors secondary to hypertrophy of the underlying muscle. It is concluded that the relationship between lean and fat components of the human thigh is significantly influenced by changes in the activity of the thigh skeletal muscles, but a local dynamic strength training program can hardly be used for local emptying of the fat depot over the exercising muscles.
Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity.
Twenty-seven women with varying degrees of obesity were physically trained for 6 mo on an ad lib. diet. Body fat changes were positively correlated with the number of fat cells in adipose tissue. Obese women with fewer fat cells decreased in weight during training whereas women with severe obesity and an increased number of fat cells even gained weight. Blood pressure decreased consistently after training. Blood pressure elevation was not associated with body fat mass, nor was a decrease in blood pressure associated with a decrease in body fat or with pretraining blood pressure level. There were, instead, correlations between decreases in blood pressure on the one hand and initial concentrations and decreases in plasma insulin and triglycerides and blood glucose on the other. These results suggest an association between elevated blood pressure and metabolic variables. The possibility of treating and preventing early essential hypertension with methods that also correct the metabolic derangement, such as diet and exercise, should be given high priority in further research.
Adipose Tissue↗
The effects of estrogen treatment of carcinoma of the prostate on regional adipocyte size.
Fat cell size was determined in the gluteal, femoral and hypogastric regions of subcutaneous adipose tissue in men with carcinoma of the prostate before and after 5--6 months of estrogen treatment. Body weight and several metabolic variables did not change. Gluteal fat cell size increased. It was suggested that increase of the gluteal fat cell size is a characteristic effect of estrogens on adipose tissue because a similar increase has been previously found in young women in comparison with young men.
Abdominal Muscles↗
Energy expenditure and body composition during weight reduction in hyperplastic obese women.
The energy expenditure and body composition changes in out-patients during a long-term weight reduction with a diet recommended to provide 1100 kcal were studied in eight hyperplastic obese women. The study was focused on finding plausible explanations for the decreasing weight loss rate after several weeks of successful weight reduction. Using a heart rate monitoring method, the energy expenditure was measured four times at selected intervals during the study. Then, the energy intake was calculated on the basis of three dietary recordings lasting from 4 to 7 days. The recorded energy intake increased at the end of the weight reduction, but no changes in daily energy expenditure were found. The oxygen consumption during standardized cycling, walking, and domestic work decreased, but when the patient was at rest, no changes occurred during the weight reduction. The weight loss predicted from the energy balance and body composition changes was considerably greater than the actually determined weight loss. Large discrepancies were found after 5 weeks on the weight reducing regimen between the recorded dietary intake and what could be calculated from urinary nitrogen losses. With the available methods for determining energy intake and expenditure, it was considered impossible to fully explain the reason for the weight plateau observed after long-term weight reduction in out-patients.
Adipose Tissue↗
Adipose tissue cellularity in relation to prognosis for weight reduction.
Ninety obese adult women were analysed with respect to adipose tissue cellularity and divided into hypertrophic, hyperplastic and combined groups of obesity. Their spontaneous body weight development was analysed over a period of six years. A reference group, with normal body weight, gained weight at an average of 0.25 kg per year. Patients with hyperplastic and combined forms of obesity gained significantly more (2.5 and 3.1 kg per year, respectively) when essentially untreated. The increase for the patients with hypertrophic obesity did not differ significantly from the reference group. During a standardized treatment period on an energy reduced diet (1100 kcal/day or 4600 kJ/day) the hypertrophic, hyperplastic and combined groups reduced by 11, 15 and 20 kg, respectively. There were strong positive correlations between total weight reduction and rate of weight reduction on the one hand and FCN and initial body weight on the other. The combined and hyperplastic groups were on average able to maintain their reduced weight for 12 and 15 weeks, respectively, while the hypertrophic group managed for 51 weeks. There was a strong negative correlation between duration of steady weight after weight reduction and FCN. When the relapse started the rate of regain was three times faster in the hyperplastic and combined groups than in the hypertrophic group. The rate of regain correlated positively with FCN. Thus, the patients demonstrated a characteristic three phase pattern in weight change with a period of reduction followed by periods of steady weight and of weight gain. The higher FCN, the faster this cycle was completed. It is concluded that the long-term prognosis for weight reduction is worse for hypercellular forms of obesity than for the hypertrophic form. However, this does not mean that patients with hypercellular forms of obesity should not be treated at all since their serious spontaneous weight development might be lessened by repeated treatments.
Adipose Tissue↗
The effect of long-term dexamethasone treatment on lipoprotein lipase activity in rat fat cells.
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Adipose Tissue↗
The effect of progesterone and of insulin administration on regional adipose tissue cellularity in the rat.
Female rats were given progesterone in a high and a low dose or insulin by injection. Both hormones caused hyperinsulinemia and an elevated body weight, explainable by increased fat tissue weight, which in turn was due to an increased fat cell size. There was a regional specificity of these effects for both procedures. It was therefore concluded that adipose tissue does not react as a homogenous tissue to different stimuli. Although not definitely conclusive because of difference in the degree of hyperinsulinemia the results also indicate that the effects of insulin are primarily exerted on the small fat cells of the subcutaneous region while progesterone increased the size of the larger parametrial fat cells.
Adipose Tissue↗
The effects of estrogens on regional adipose tissue cellularity in the rat.
The effects of high and low dose estrogen administration on adipose tissue cellularity and metabolism were investigated and compared with the effect of total starvation in female rats. Total starvation in female rats resulted in local fat cell size decrease which was, in different adipose tissue regions, directly proportional to the primary fat cell size. Thus, the largest fat cell size decrease was observed in the parametrial depot of adipose tissue, with primarily the smallest adipocytes. High doses of estrogen (Estradurin-120 mug/kg/month) resulted in a body and adipose tissue weight decrease after 10 weeks treatment. Contrary to the starvation effect the greatest fat cell size decrease was observed in the subcutaneous depot with primarily the smallest adipocytes. Lower estrogen dose (60 mug/kg/month) resulted, after 4 weeks treatment, in weight increase of adipose tissue. Fat cell size increased most in the parametrial depot-an adipose tissue region with primarily the biggest adipocytes. This is in contrast to the situation after insulin treatment and overfeeding which produce the largest size increase in the region with the smallest fat cells, and can be interpreted as evidence for regional specificity of the estrogen effect on fat cells.
Adipose Tissue↗
The effects of adrenal corticosteroids on regional adipocyte size in man.
In order to determine the effects of adrenal corticosteroids on regional adipose tissue cellularity groups of age-matched women subjected to long-term treatment with adrenal corticosteroids due to bronchial asthma or rheumatoids due to bronchial asthma or rheumatoid arthritis were compared with control of women. A small group of women suffering from Cushing's syndrome was also examined. Body composition, adipose cellularity in four major subcutaneous regions and metabolic variables were determined. The Cushing's syndrome patients weighed more than the other groups and seemed to have more fat cells while the patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed decreases in body cell mass, body fat and average fat cell size. These differences necessitated a body fat matching between patients and controls before analysis of regional depot fat differences. Body fat, average fat cell size and total fat cell number were similar in patients and controls. The Cushing's syndrome group was too small to allow this matching. All three groups exposed to increased levels of adrenal corticosteroids showed smaller fat cells in the gluteal region in comparison with controls, but no differences in fat cell size in the femoral, epigastrial or hypogastrial regions. This change also corresponded to a diminution of the thickness of subcutaneous plus skin layer in the gluteal region, measured with an ultrasonic technique. All the groups of patients had elevated fasting plasma insulin. The possibility was considered that the observed regional redistribution of fat is characteristic for adrenal corticosteroids.
Adipose Tissue↗