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Biomedical subjects

M Krausz

Publications and source records attributed to M Krausz.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Opioid addiction and suicidality.

The prevalence of suicide attempts among opioid addicts is reported to lie between 8% and 17%, with some studies reporting an even higher rate among special groups of addicts. Yet there is insufficient knowledge about which addicts have a higher risk of suicide and which other factors seem to be involved in the constellation leading to the suicide attempt; the study of different subgroups of addicts is thus necessary. This paper reports a study on suicide attempts among a sample population in a detoxification unit and another group undergoing codeine maintenance treatment. There was a high rate of suicide attempts among both groups (23% of those in the detoxification unit and 28% of those maintained on codeine), but treating physicians tended to underestimate suicidality. The results lead to the conclusion that among a subgroup of addicts suicidality plays a larger role; a greater emphasis should thus be placed on the underlying psychopathology and the treatment needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse: a comparative clinical study.

In a 3-month epidemiologic survey at the Psychiatric Clinic of the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, a total of 372 patients between 18 and 60 years of age were screened with a variety of clinical psychiatric tests. Of the entire group, a subgroup of 180 patients was placed into one of four index groups: schizophrenics with first-rank symptoms and with (n=47) or without (n=52) concomitant past or acute use of psychotropic substances; alcoholics (n=63), and patients with alcoholic psychosis (n=18). In almost all areas examined, the group of schizophrenics with substance abuse was revealed to be a severely disturbed subgroup of schizophrenics with a long history of disease. Particularly with respect to psychopathology, there was an increase in depressive and suicidal tendencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Suicide among schizophrenic adolescents in the long-term course of illness.

The significance of the suicide problem for patients showing first symptoms of schizophrenic disorders between 14 and 18 years of age is presented in a long-term follow-up study including two follow-up periods after a minimum of 5 and 11 years. The suicide rate of 13.1% is significantly higher than in other studies with patients who developed a schizophrenic psychosis in a later period of life. In addition, there is a significant sex difference in the rate of suicide--21.5% of the men and 6% of the women--although the latter made more attempts at suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Drug substitution treatment of heroin dependent patients with codeine preparations--treatment effects from the viewpoint of the physicians and patients].

The controversy caused by the debate on treatment and substitution strategies in drug addiction is unchanged. This is particularly true concerning the use of codein-based drugs in the substitution of heroin abusers. However, only a few studies on the effects of this old and widely used method of substitution have been carried out. This article presents one retrospective and prospective study on the effects of the codein-based substitution in heroin abusers (n = 416). With respect to the issues addressed by this study such as somatic and psychic health, social integration, delinquincy and consumption patterns, patients as well as clinicians report an improvement in general health and fewer of the problems usually associated with heroin abuse, similar to the results from substitution treatment elsewhere.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Basic symptoms in schizophrenia and alcoholism. A methodological comparative study].

The results of a study on the subjective basic symptoms associated with schizophrenia and drug abuse (especially alcoholism) are presented. A total of 242 psychiatric inpatients (74 with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and drug consumption, 81 schizophrenics, and 87 alcoholics) were included. The three groups did not differ with regard to the general score of subjective basic symptoms measured by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (Frankfurter Beschwerde-Fragebogen, FBF). Further analyses showed that the FBF statements are only partly typical for schizophrenia; another part is connected with alcoholism. Two new scales ("FBF-S" and "FBF-A") were created from the schizophrenia-typical items and the alcoholism-typical items, respectively. In "FBF-S" schizophrenics (with and without alcoholism) had higher scores than patients suffering from alcoholism alone; in "FBF-A" alcoholics (with and without schizophrenia) reached higher scores than schizophrenic patients. Consistent correlations with independent parameters of psychosis and alcoholism confirm the validity of "FBF-S" and "FBF-A". It is concluded that the FBF's capacity to discriminate different diagnoses can be improved and that the model of basic disturbances must be re-evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Oral administration of insulin in solid form to nondiabetic and diabetic dogs.

It was previously demonstrated that a biologically active insulin could cross the mucosal membrane in the gut by using surface active substances. In this report we describe studies in which insulin administered orally, in a solid formulation, was effectively absorbed in the canine model. The insulin was mixed with cholate and soybean trypsin inhibitor. It was delivered orally, as enterocoated microtablets, to nondiabetic and diabetic (pancreatectomized) dogs in a fasting state. The time interval between the administration of the drug and the beginning of a decrease in the plasma glucose levels was 60-140 min. This decrease reached a minimum level of 20-40 % of the initial values and lasted for more than 90 min following administration of the drug. In this model a pronounced increment in plasma insulin levels was shown prior to the drop of plasma glucose concentrations. It is concluded that with this novel oral insulin formulation a beneficial biological effect can be achieved in the treatment of diabetes.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Schizophrenia with onset in adolescence: an 11-year followup.

This study examined the course of illness and factors affecting it in schizophrenias with onset between the ages of 14 and 18. Noteworthy in comparison to findings from other followup studies is the higher proportion of chronic courses of illness, about 50 percent. In addition, the type of course of illness corresponds in general with the treatment status. A possible explanation for this observation is the early age of onset, at which point the patient has not yet developed a sufficient degree of social and emotional independence and maturity before developing a schizophrenic psychosis. The age of onset is also shown to be an important predictor for the overall course of illness, as in other studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Treatment with psychotropic drugs in various facilities for mentally handicapped patients].

798 mentally retarded adults (> 19 years) in different types of residential care were studied with regard to psychotropic drug treatment and associated behaviour problems. The frequency of psychotropic medication amounts to 11.2% for residents of community-based group homes, 31.4% for residents of large institutions and 74.6% for long-term care patients of a Psychiatric Clinic. Neuroleptics were the most often prescribed drugs. After controlling for the degree of mental retardation, it could be shown that for persons with behaviour problems the probability of psychotropic drug treatment was 3 times as high in the group homes, and 5.7 times as high in the large institutions, as for the corresponding groups without behaviour problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Diathermy-induced gas explosion in the intestinal tract].

Surgical diathermy is widely used in modern operating rooms, although explosion in the gastrointestinal tract is a known serious complication. We report a case of colonic explosion following use of diathermy. Based on our experience and the available data, it is recommended that in cases of gastrointestinal tract obstruction, poor bowel preparation or following use of oral mannitol for bowel preparation, diathermy should be avoided in opening the gastrointestinal lumen.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Sex-role orientation and work adaptation of male nurses.

Three competing hypotheses regarding the influence of sex-role orientation on work-stress (pressure and strain at work) and work-attraction (work centrality and satisfaction) adaptation of 154 male nurses were contrasted. The findings reveal that even in a female-dominated profession, masculine-type male nurses were, on the whole, the best adapted type while the feminine-type male nurses were the least. The androgynous-type nurses, though ranking high in pressure and strain stemming from their work, nevertheless ranked highest in work satisfaction. In contrast, the undifferentiated were not stressed nor pressured at work, but they did not enjoy their work. These analyses were repeated for 54 female nurses. Among the female nurses no significant differences were found between the four sex role orientations, indicating that the differences found among the male nurses stemmed from the special situation in which a male nurse finds himself. It is suggested that change in the nature of the nursing profession into more "masculine" tasks also may partially explain the results.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[Therapeutic treatment with neuroleptics. II: Subjective mechanisms of effect, compliance and consequences for treatment strategy].

The problems of subjective acceptance and reaction by the patients to the effects produced by neuroleptics, have been receiving far more less attention so far than the "objective" aspects, and have not yet been empirically tested to the same extent. However, papers have been published recently in connection with this complex within the framework of researches into concept of disease and into compliance. These papers supply proof of the tremendous significance of the patient's attitude to, and assessment of, pharmacotherapeutic measures. The following aspects are pointed out to be particularly important: The attitude and relation of the patient to his psychosis; the style of coping in the sense of integration or disintegration of the psychosis into the process of life; the dysphoric reactions to neuroleptics; and the disease pattern or disease model. Practical model examples are given to illustrate three possibilities of a more intensive connection between neuroleptic therapy and other therapeutic measures.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Therapeutic treatment with neuroleptics. I: State of research on mechanisms of action, effectiveness and compliance in treatment of psychoses].

In the management of schizophrenic psychoses, drug medication with neuroleptics occupies a central position and is in fact a first-choice treatment. The considerable side effects and late sequelae of this treatment are known to impair the quality of life of the patient and have comne to the fore once again in recent years as the starting points of controversial discussions among specialists and among those who are engaged in matters concerning psychiatric policies or "politics". The cornerstones of this debate are demonstrated and explained on the basis of the present clinico-psychiatric state of research in respect of effectivity predictors, types of mechanisms of action. Long-term courses of treatment with neuroleptics, and different dosage schedule strategies.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1990

Effect of indomethacin on unilateral obstructed renal pelvis and on ureteral peristalsis. Experimental study in awake sheep.

An experimental model to study the physiology of the obstructed kidney in awake sheep is described. Unilaterally, a kidney was obstructed, and the pressure in the renal pelvis was measured before and after intravenous injection of indomethacin. This experiment study on awake sheep enabled us to compare the clinical behavior of the animal with the recorded objective data, to demonstrate the rapid decrease in pressure in the obstructed renal pelvis. In addition, we observed a decrease in ureteral peristalsis frequency following the injection of indomethacin.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

[Schizophrenia in adolescents--a follow-up study].

The article presents the results of a catamnesis of patients (both female and male) who had been in-patients for the first time between 1972 and 1978 because of signs and symptoms of schizophrenic diseases and who were between 14 and 18 years of age. For 51 patients data were available on long-term follow-up for at least 5 years. Compared with the available catamneses of adults of the 'seventies, the proportion of chronic cases is greater among the adolescents. The patterns of signs and symptoms do not differ significantly from each other. In addition, it was found that the treatment chain had many weak links despite an improvement due to the setting up of child psychiatry and juvenile psychiatric wards; in other words, treatment was mostly discontinuous and not adapted to long-term course of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Active antireflux mechanism induced by micturition. Experimental study in awake sheep.

The influence of increased bladder pressure on ureteral peristalsis is described in the literature. All experiments were done on anesthetized animals and vesical contractions were electrically induced. We present an experiment on awake sheep. The animals voided spontaneously while a recording of the peristaltic pressure of the lower ureter was recorded. A rise in the peristaltic pressure in both ureters was observed during micturition. We suggest that the rise in ureteral pressure participates in the antireflux mechanism.

Animals↗