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Biomedical subjects

M Kramer

Publications and source records attributed to M Kramer.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

The acute effect of quazepam on the sleep of chronic insomniacs. A dose-response study.

The present study investigated the effects of the benzodiazepine, 7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazeepine-2-thione (quazepam), on hypnotic efficacy and sleep staging in chronic insomniacs. We evaluated the acute withdrawal effects of several doses (0, 7.5, 30 and 45 mg) of quazepam. The effects of the different doses were assessed using both objective (polysomnographic) and subjective sleep parameters in a double blind repeated measures design (n = 15). The results indicated that daily administration of quazepam over three nights produced increased effects on sleep which suggested drug accumulation. Lower doses (7.5 and 15 mg) only had significant effects on sleep (sleep induction and maintenance and sleep architecture) with three days of administration, while 45 mg of quazepam produced significant effects on the first night of drug administration. Contrary to previous research investigating longer periods of administration, acute administration of low doses of quazepam did not produce carryover effects on withdrawal, while higher doses did. The accumulation of the parent compound or its active metabolites thus seemed to mediate these effects on sleep in a dose related fashion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Haemodynamic effect of naloxone during electrostimulation analgesia with special reference to the role of endorphin (author's transl)].

10 persons undergoing cardiac surgery in electro-stimulation analgesia (ESA) with controlled ventilation were given 5 microgram/kg bodyweight and 10 microgram/kg body-weight respectively of naloxone during the operation and the effects of the drug on the circulation were registered over a period of 10 minutes. The observations do not support the view that endorphin plays a part in ESA. Other possible modes of action are discussed.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1981

Guanosine polyphosphate production of Escherichia coli stringent and relaxed strains in the stationary phase of growth.

Stringent and relaxed Escherichia coli strains grown on minimal and on differently enriched media produced guanosine polyphosphates in the stationary phase of growth. On transition from the logarithmic to the stationary phase, stringent strains started to produce guanosine 5' triphosphate 3' diphosphate (pppGpp). and guanosine 5' diphosphate 3' diphosphate (ppGpp), while relaxes strains accumulated only ppGpp. When the stringent strain was cultivated on media enriched with Casamino Acids the leve of pppGpp decreased, while with yeast extract an almost twofold increase could be observed. The concentration of ppGpp increased with both nutrients as compared to that measured in minimal medium. Readdition of glucose to the stationary phase culture did not result in the slightest decrease of the nucleoside polyphosphate levels. In contrast, addition of a mixture of 20 L-amino acids or Casamino Acids or yeast extract to the medium caused an abrupt decrease in the guanosine polyphosphate levels. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with the relaxed strains except that the amounts of ppGpp were smaller than in the case of the stringent counterpart and the responses to the resupplementation were slower. Some possible mechanisms regarding the occurrence of guanosine polyphosphates in the stationary phase are discussed.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1981

[Cardiac and vascular effects of midazolam during induction of anesthesia prior to and during extracorporeal circulation in coronary-surgical patients (author's transl)].

8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine (midazolam, Ro 21-3981, Dormicum) is a new benzodiazepine which, when compared with its predecessors diazepam (Valium) and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), has several outstanding advantages: We conducted hemodynamic investigations with 0.15 mg/kg b.w. midazolam in a total of 28 coronary patients divided into 3 groups. The new water-soluble benzodiazepine is at the dose given useful in the induction of and as an adjuvant to anesthesia because of its hemodynamic effect.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1980

The effects of flurazepam, lorazepam, and triazolam on sleep and memory.

This study evaluated the effects of flurazepam 30 mg, lorazepam 4 mg, triazolam 0.5 mg, and placebo upon sleep and memory in eleven normal male subjects continuously monitored for nighttime EEG, EOG, and EMG recording. Subjects received each drug or placebo for two consecutive nights per week for 4 weeks in a repeated measures, double-blind, Latin Square design. Three hours post-administration, subjects were awakened and presented with a series of tasks. Recall was assessed immediately following task presentation and after the final morning awakening. The results showed that every drug significantly decreased stage 1, increased stage 2, and produced no change in stage 3--4 sleep in comparison to placebo. Only lorazepam significantly decreased REM percent. Post-drug recall was significantly decreased in comparison to placebo at night and was further decreased in the morning. Morning recall was significantly poorer when the return to sleep was 2.5 min or less than when the return to sleep was greater than 5 min following the nighttime awakening in all drug conditions. These results indicate that 1. failure of memory consolidation rather than failure of retrieval is the most likely explanation for the morning memory loss and 2. hypnotic drug properties, measured by latency to fall back asleep, affect memory consolidation.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders: estimation, uses and limitations.

The age-specific lifetime prevalence rate of a disease is the proportion of persons surviving to a given age who have experienced the disease at any time during their lives. This measure of morbidity has been used to report findings in many of the epidemiological surveys of mental disorders of the last 30 years. This paper presents a life-table method for estimating age-specific lifetime prevalence rates from incidence and mortality data. The method is applied to Monroe County, New York, case register data on the incidence of schizophrenia. Using this method, we estimate that at least 3% of the White population surviving to age 55 have experienced an episode of schizophrenia at some time during their lives. The difficulties of producing valid estimates of lifetime prevalence and the difficulties in interpreting differences reported in such rates make this morbidity measure of secondary importance to incidence and point-prevalence data.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1980

Chronic toxicity of pyrazolones: the problem of nitrosation.

1 During 6-month oral toxicity studies of dipyrone in rats and dogs, there was an increase in the number of reticulocytes and Heinz bodies at the highest dose, and a slight haemosiderosis was induced. 2 Similar results were obtained after parenteral administration (intravenously and subcutaneously). 3 These studies fail to contribute to the knowledge of the mechanism of allergic reactions in man. 4 In vitro studies in conditions imitating the physiological environment, show to what extent nitrosation of dipyrone takes place. 5 Subsequent toxicological investigations with the two reaction compounds, or the nitrosation product itself, are powerful instruments to show whether the nitrosamine or nitrosamide formed is dangerous. 6 In the case of pyrazolones, only aminopyrine forms a carcinogenic nitrosamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The efficacy of triazolam and chloral hydrate in geriatric insomniacs.

A double-blind crossover study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of hypnotics in geriatric insomniacs. Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 70 years (range 60-94 years) received each of five treatments on 5 consecutive nights. The treatment conditions, consisting of chloral hydrate 250 and 500 mg, triazolam 0.25 and 0.50 mg, and placebo, were administered using a Latin Square design. Subjective estimates of sleep were collected in the morning following each treatment night. The patients' global evaluation of effectiveness indicated that triazolam 0.25 mg and 0.50 mg improved sleep more than placebo, while chloral hydrate 250 and 500 mg were not better than placebo. Triazolam 0.50 mg was felt to be significantly better than either dose of chloral hydrate. In addition, triazolam 0.50 mg was found to significantly decrease the patients' estimates of their sleep latency. Patients estimated their total sleep time to be longer following the use of triazolam 0.25 mg as compared to choral hydrate 500 mg, and their estimates of the number of awakenings was significantly lower on triazolam 0.50 mg than it was on chloral hydrate 500 mg or placebo.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of tonsils and adenoids in Sleep Apnea syndrome.

Peripheral Sleep Apnea syndrome has been associated with enlarged tonsils and adenoids as well as other abnormalities which may cause upper airway obstruction in children. A multidisciplinary approach is used at the Step Disorder Center of Cincinnati General Hospital to evaluate the role of tonsils and adenoids in sleep apnea. Polysomnographic techniques combined with cine sleep studies of the upper airway document the degree, site and type of obstruction. This presentation highlights the entity of obstructive sleep apnea and provides a rational clinical approach in the management of these patients.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1980

Exacerbation of upper-airway sleep apnea by lymphocytic lymphoma.

A 55-year-old obese man was evaluated for excessive daytime sleepiness and found to have upper-airway sleep apnea. Evaluation discovered a lymphocytic lymphoma with head and neck involvement. Treatment of the lymphoma resulted in improvement in the sleep apnea and the sleepiness.

Head and Neck Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Leukocyte interferon-induced tumor regression in human metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma.

Thirty-eight patients with advanced breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma were treated with partially purified (about 0.1%) leukocyte interferon. Patients were treated with a remission-induction schedule of 3 million to 9 million antiviral units daily intramuscularly for 4 to 26 weeks. Responding patients were maintained on a schedule of 3 million U three times weekly. Tumor regression was observed in seven of 17 patients with breast cancer. Six of 10 patients with multiple myeloma responded with a decrease of at least 50% in serum myeloma protein levels or Bence Jones protein excretion. Six of the 11 lymphoma patients achieved tumor regression. Complete remissions occurred in two patients. Of the 19 responding patients, five remain on study for 52 to 63 weeks. Toxicity included low-grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, and partial alopecia. Myelosuppression (lowest median leukocyte count, 2500/mm3; granulocytes, 1300/mm3) occurred in most patients. On the basis of this pilot study, we conclude that leukocyte interferon can induce tumor regression in patients with advanced cancer.

Adult↗