Biomedical subjects

M Kobayashi

Publications and source records attributed to M Kobayashi.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Insulin release and suppression by tacrolimus, rapamycin and cyclosporin A are through regulation of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

AIM: By focusing on the pancreatic beta cell response to tacrolimus, cyclosporin A (CsA) and rapamycin we hoped to identify immunophilin, calcineurin and/or novel mechanism involvement and advance the understanding of immunosuppressant regulated insulin control. METHODS: A glucose responsive beta cell model was established in which the glucose response was blocked by immunosuppressant treatment and this model was used to further characterise this effect. Quantification of insulin release to immunosuppressants and specific inhibitors was used to identify the mechanism involved. RESULTS: It was found that upon the addition of tacrolimus, rapamycin, or CsA, rapid and significant exocytosis of cellular insulin was seen. A dose response study of this effect revealed optimal concentration windows of 50- 80 nm for tacrolimus, 100-300 nm for rapamycin, and 7-12 mm for CsA in RIN-5F cells. Optimal insulin release for HIT-T15 cells was similar. Additional experiments demonstrate that immunosuppressant pretreatment blocked the subsequent immunosuppressant induced insulin release but not that of a thapsigargin control, suggesting that suppression and release are non-toxic, specific and in the same pathway. Further experiments showed that this insulin release was a calcium dependent process, which was blocked by inhibitors of l-type calcium channels. Continued studies showed that the specific ATP-sensitive potassium channel agonist diazoxide (150 mm) also blocked immunosuppressant-induced insulin release. CONCLUSIONS: A model that fits this data is a novel calcineurin-independent immunophilin mediated partial closing of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, which would lead to an initial insulin release but would reduce subsequent responses through this pathway.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Role of uppermost superficial surface layer of articular cartilage in the lubrication mechanism of joints.

The uppermost superficial surface layer of articular cartilage, the 'lamina splendens' which provides a very low friction lubrication surface in articular joints, was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complementary specimens were also observed under SEM at -10 degrees C without dehydration or sputter ion coating. Fresh adult pig osteochondral specimens were prepared from the patellas of pig knee joints and digested with the enzymes, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and alkaline protease. Friction coefficients between a pyrex glass plate and the osteochondral specimens digested by enzymes as well as natural (undigested) specimens were measured, using a thrust collar apparatus. Normal saline, hyaluronic acid (HA) and a mixture of albumin, globulin, HA (AGH) were used as lubrication media. The surface irregularities usually observed in SEM studies were not apparent under AFM. The articular cartilage surface was resistant to hyaluronidase and also to chondroitinase ABC, but a fibrous structure was exhibited in alkaline protease enzymes-digested specimens. AFM analysis revealed that the thickness of the uppermost superficial surface layer of articular cartilage was between 800 nm and 2 microm in adult pig articular cartilage. The coefficient of friction (c.f.) was significantly higher in chondroitinase ABC and alkaline protease enzymes digested specimens. Generally, in normal saline lubrication medium, c.f. was higher in comparison to HA and AGH lubrication media. The role of the uppermost, superficial surface layer of articular cartilage in the lubrication mechanism of joints is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Protein kinase C activation by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in CG-4 line oligodendrocytes stimulates turnover of choline and ethanolamine phospholipids by phospholipase D and induces rapid process contraction.

Treatment of [3H]-choline- or [14C]-ethanolamine-labelled undifferentiated bipolar and differentiated multipolar CG-4 line oligodendrocytes with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to activate protein kinase C stimulated the release of choline or ethanolamine metabolites to the medium over controls. Ro31-8220, a PKC inhibitor, reduced TPA-stimulated release of choline- and ethanolamine-metabolites to basal levels. TPA treatment of both bipolar and multipolar cells caused rapid contraction of processes leaving rounded up cells: this effect was blocked by Ro31-8220. After 12-15 h exposure to TPA, bipolar undifferentiated CG-4 line cells extended short processes again and the cells became multipolar. Nocodozole, an agent which disrupts microtubules and caused CG-4 line cells to round up, caused increased choline or ethanolamine-metabolite release to the medium over basal levels suggesting that some release during TPA-treatment might occur due to process fragmentation. However, the transphosphatidylation reaction confirmed that phospholipase D was active in these cells. Exposure of bipolar undifferentiated CG-4 line cells to TPA resulted in down-regulatation of PKC-alpha and PKC-beta which could not be detected by Western blotting after a few hours; PKC-epsilon was down-regulated much more slowly but PKCs delta, zeta and iota were not influenced by 48 h exposure of cells to TPA. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in the transphosphatidylation reaction was markedly reduced in TPA down-regulated cells indicating a role for PKCs alpha and beta in phospholipase D activation in CG-4 line oligodendrocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Nrf2-deficient female mice develop lupus-like autoimmune nephritis.

BACKGROUND: NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator essential for the coordinate transcriptional induction of antioxidant enzymes and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes through the antioxidant response element/electrophile response element. The Nrf2-deficient mice were found to develop normally under standard laboratory conditions. However, upon closer examination, we found that aged female Nrf2-deficient mice displayed a shortened lifespan and developed severe glomerulonephritis. The present study investigated the glomerulonephritis findings in Nrf2-deficient mice. METHODS: To evaluate glomerular lesions of Nrf2-deficient mice, histological and functional analyses were performed. The amounts of serum immunoglobulins, anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibody, and lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) also were measured. RESULTS: Nrf2-deficient female mice over 60 weeks of age developed severe nephritis characterized by cellular proliferation, lobular formation, crescent formation, and subepithelial electron-dense deposits. In immunofluorescent assays, Nrf2-deficient female mice showed mesangial deposits and massive granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 along the capillary walls. Higher serum levels of IgG, anti-dsDNA antibody, lower creatinine clearance, and slight splenomegaly also were found in Nrf2-deficient female mice. A higher concentration of TBARS also was found in Nrf2-deficient female mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the aged Nrf2-deficient female mice develop lupus-like autoimmune nephritis and suggest that nrf2 is one of the genes determining susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Analysis of nephritis in the Nrf2-deficient female mouse may clarify the mechanisms leading to the development of lupus disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Calcium supplement increase on the second day of sequential two day leukapheresis.

Peripheral blood progenitor cells are collected effectively by leukapheresis of a large volume of peripheral blood. However, protection must be taken for patients or donors from hypocalcemia due to continuous infusion of citric acid. We found a tendency for hypocalcemic symptoms in patients or donors to occur more often on the second day than the first day of the sequential 2 days of leukapheresis. The doses of calcium gluconate supplement and the acid citrate dextrose-A solution administration significantly increased on the second day compared to that of the first day. The blood levels of c-terminal parathormone (PTH), phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase did not show remarkably abnormal change. However, urine calcium excretion just after leukapheresis was higher than in the period before or after leukapheresis compared to the phosphorus or creatinine excretion. These findings indicate that the cause of a higher tendency to hypocalcemic symptoms on the second day of the sequential 2 days of leukapheresis is due to the higher metabolism of calcium being excreted in the urine during leukapheresis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A possible role for maternal HLA antibody in a case of alloimmune neonatal neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia (ANN) is caused by a reaction of maternal alloantibodies with paternally inherited antigens on the fetal neutrophils. While human neutrophil antigens (HNA) antibodies are found in half of ANN cases, specific antibodies have not been defined in the remaining cases. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Reported here is a neonate with omphalitis due to neutropenia. To elucidate the cause of ANN, flow cytometric and PCR analyses were used. Reactions of the patient's and mother's sera with neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets were examined by lymphocytotoxicity test (LCT), anti-human immunoglobulin-LCT, and mixed passive hemagglutination test. RESULTS: The maternal sera reacted with neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets of the patient and father. The platelet adsorption eliminated the reaction of the maternal serum with the patient's neutrophils. The HLA typing of the family and an LCT using a panel of lymphocytes of 20 HLA-typed donors showed HLA-A2 antigen as a target of antibodies in the maternal serum. According to anti-human immunoglobulin-LCT, the anti-HLA-A2 was present in the neonatal serum. On the other hand, HNA antibodies were not detectable in the patient's or the mother's serum. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the transplacental passage of the maternal HLA antibody caused neutropenia in this patient.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A new treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst by endoscopic curettage without bone grafting.

Curettage and bone grafting are the accepted methods of treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. Unfortunately, recurrence is common. We treated 4 patients with atypical aneurysmal bone cysts that lacked aneurysmal dilatation by endoscopic curettage without bone grafting. New bone formation and remodeling were observed in all patients. In the patients in whom the follow-up was longer than 30 months, there was no evidence of recurrence. Endoscopic curettage without bone grafting is a simple and effective treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in Plasmodium falciparum-infected placenta.

We investigated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in malarial placenta and related histological changes. Thirty-two malarial and 40 control term placentae were collected at Tanga, Tanzania and examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Malaria infected placentae were further divided into acute (15) and chronic (17) cases according to the presence of malarial pigment. The expression of ICAM-1 on monocyte, syncytio- and cytotrophoblasts, endothelial and stromal cells was assessed. Birthweight was lower and leukocyte counts higher in placentae with chronic infection. Many monocytes were present within the intervillous spaces, especially in placentae with chronic infection, and aggregated with parasitized erythrocytes. Some monocytes were adhesive to the surface of fibrinoid deposits. ICAM-1 expression on monocytes of malarial placentae was significantly conspicuous and correlated to the degree of intervillous leukocyte infiltration. Syncytiotrophoblasts often did not show ICAM-1, even though ICAM-1 was expressed by endothelium and weakly by cytotrophoblasts and stromal cells in both infected and control placentae. These results suggest that the expression of ICAM-1 on monocytes contributes to sequestration of infected erythrocytes within the intervillous spaces and their adhesion to fibrin masses and that ICAM-1 is unlikely to be associated with the direct adhesion of infected erythrocytes to the syncytiotrophoblasts.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2001

Development of polyvinyl alcohol-hydrogel (PVA-H) shields with a high water content for tendon injury repair.

The main problem in tendon repair is adhesion formation between the tendon and surrounding tissue. To prevent this, we have developed adhesion preventive shields using polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA-H) with 90% water content. This implant experiment used the deep flexor tendon of the 3rd toe of the domestic fowl. Injured tendons shielded with PVA-H healed within about 3 weeks without adhesion to the surrounding tissues. Neither breakage of the PVA-H shield itself nor infection or degeneration in the surrounding tissue was observed. These results show that tendon is capable of intrinsic repair, and was able to regenerate using synovial nutrition through the PVA-H. The high water content of PVA-H may be clinically useful and applicable to adhesion preventive shields for tendon repair.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Application of MR imaging for internal derangement of the knee (orthopedic surgeon' view).

Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive imaging modality with clear contrast and superior spatial resolution. These characteristics are especially useful for detecting pathology of the soft tissue of the knee joint, such as the menisci, ligaments and articular cartilage, which are difficult to diagnose using plain X-ray examination. MRI has become one of the first choice diagnostic modalities for the internal derangement of the knee joint, and is generally replacing some invasive arthrographic or arthroscopic examination. Pathology of the articular cartilage cannot yet be depicted clearly by MRI. We expect further development of the spatial resolution of MRI to make possible the detection of chondral lesions more clearly and precisely in the near future.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Potential role of Gab1 and phospholipase C-gamma in osmotic shock-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Osmotic shock induces GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake through a mechanism independent of PI 3-kinase, but dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. To identify the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins required for osmotic shock-stimulated glucose uptake, we examined tyrosine phosphorylation of candidate proteins, and found that the 60-80kDa species including paxillin and the 120-130kDa species including p130Cas, PYK2, FAK and Gab1 were tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to osmotic shock. Inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin D significantly decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, p130Cas, PYK2 and FAK but not Gab1, but had no effect on 2-deoxyglucose (DOG) uptake, suggesting a role for Gab1 in osmotic shock-induced glucose transport. Also, we found that osmotic shock increases the association of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) with Gab1 and stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma itself. The PLC inhibitor, U73122, inhibited osmotic shock-induced 2-DOG uptake. These results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 and subsequent recruitment and activation of PLC-gamma may play a role in osmotic shock-induced glucose transport.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2001

Identification of the critical spinal arteries with F wave-polysynaptic response complex monitoring: an experimental study.

PURPOSE: The main cause of paraplegia after surgery for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms is spinal cord ischemia caused by ligation of the critical spinal arteries that are associated with the great radicular artery (GRA). In this experimental study, we attempted to identify the critical spinal arteries with F wave-polysynaptic response complex (FPC) monitoring. The FPC, which we are using as a monitor of spinal cord ischemia, is myogenic potentials evoked by the tibial nerve stimulation through the anterior horn cells. METHOD: In 18 rabbits, infrarenal lumbar arteries were clamped until there was an FPC amplitude reduction (FPCAR) of at least 60%. The rabbits were classified according to the number of arteries clamped to produce the FPCAR (group A, 1 artery; group B, 2 arteries; group C, 3 arteries). Selective angiography of each lumbar artery was performed in all rabbits. RESULTS: An FPCAR was observed in all 18 rabbits. In all nine rabbits in group A, the FPCAR was caused by the clamping of one particular lumbar artery. The GRA was shown by means of selective angiography to originate directly from this lumbar artery. In the nine rabbits in groups B and C, 11 FPCARs were observed. Of these, nine FPCARs in nine rabbits were caused by the clamping of lumbar arteries that included the vessel from which the GRA originated. CONCLUSION: Temporary clamping of lumbar arteries with FPC monitoring can be used as a means of detecting the critical spinal arteries from which the GRA originates.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2001

Moderate dose diethylstilbestrol diphosphate therapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy and toxicity of a moderate dose (250 mg/day) of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-DP) intravenously administered to patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) as well as the influence of this agent on the endocrine system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with HRPC were treated with a daily intravenous injection of 250 mg of DES-DP for 28 days. Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and pain score were used for subjective evaluation and PSA was used for objective evaluation. Testosterone, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were used for hormonal parameters. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were eligible. The mean patient age was 75.2 years. With respect to the ECOG pain score, 5 patients scored 1 or higher, in 4 patients, the pain completely disappeared, and in 1 patient, the pain score improved from 4 to 1. The PSA level decreased significantly from 528 +/- 556 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) to 154 +/- 197 ng/ml. The DHEA level was not changed during DES-DP administration. The DHEA-S level decreased significantly from 882 +/- 430 ng/ml to 480 +/- 236 ng/ml. Testosterone and free testosterone were in the castration level before and during the treatment. Toxicity was minimal. None of the patients developed cardiovascular disorder. CONCLUSION: A moderate dose (250 mg/day) of DES-DP decreased PSA levels and relieved pain without causing serious toxicity in patients with HRPC. It is suggested that the mechanism of the DES-DP effect on the decrease in PSA and pain relief involves a decrease in DHEA-S.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

Thiol-oxidizing agent diamide and acidic pH enhance lipid peroxidation of rat heart mitochondria and cardiolipin-cytochrome c complex.

In this study, we investigated lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lipid peroxidation in a mitochondrial-mimetic lipid peroxidation system, where phospholipids such as cardiolipin (CL) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were first mixed together and then PLA2 and calcium chloride were added to the mixture (CL-Cyt c-PLA2 system). Production of hydroperoxy and hydroxy compounds of linoleic acid (LA) in the mixture was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The ratio of the total amount of hydroperoxy and hydroxy compounds of LA to that of LA was calculated as an index for lipid peroxidation (1000 x mol/mol). The index for lipid peroxidation in the rat heart mitochondria hydrolyzed by PLA2 at the physiological pH of 7.4 was 22.8 +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SD, n = 4) and that at the acidic pH of 6.7 was 41.8 +/- 2.0. In the presence of the thiol (SH)-oxidizing agent diamide, the index was 47.0 +/- 2.6 (pH 7.4). In the CL-Cyt c-PLA2 system, lipid peroxidation seemed to be due to three mechanisms: (1) oxidation of the LA (nonreleased form) constituent of CL by Cyt c (oxidation of CL by Cyt c); (2) oxidation of free LA, released from CL, involving the oxidation of CL by Cyt c (free LA oxidation by the CL-Cyt c complex); and (3) oxidation of free LA, released from CL, by Cyt c and calcium ions (LA-Cyt c-Ca system). The lipid peroxidation of the CL-Cyt c-PLA2 system was also enhanced by the addition of diamide and by an acidic pH of 6.7. The fact that the SH-oxidizing agent enhanced the lipid peroxidation in the CL-Cyt c-PLA2 system suggested that SH groups in the hemoprotein played an inhibitory role in lipid peroxidation in the system.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Cisplatin-induced vomiting depends on circadian timing.

We examined whether the clock time of cisplatin plus antiemetic and diuretic administration affects the amount of cisplatin-associated emesis and severity of renal toxicity. We treated 22 patients with urogenital cancer with two courses of chemotherapy containing 70 mg/m2 of cisplatin. Cisplatin together with furosemide was administered in the morning (05:00) or evening (17:00) during two courses 1 month apart in a crossover fashion. Ondansetron was given either before or after cisplatin to control nausea and vomiting. The number of vomiting episodes, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance, and urinary beta-N-acetyl glucosamidase (NAG) concentration were evaluated before and after each treatment course. Regardless of the timing of ondansetron, morning compared to evening cisplatin was always associated with greater vomiting in the first treatment course. However, prophylactic administration of ondansetron markedly diminished the impact of the clock time of cisplatin administration. Serum creatinine transiently decreased rather than increased 14 days after cisplatin and furosemide administration, while NAG excretion increased 3 days after cisplatin and furosemide administration. In the first course, serum creatinine levels were similar regardless of the clock time of cisplatin and furosemide administration. However, in the second course, serum creatinine rose in patients given evening cisplatin and furosemide, while it remained unchanged in those given morning cisplatin and furosemide. Moreover, the first course morning cisplatin and furosemide treatment was associated with less change in NAG excretion (less kidney toxicity) than the first course of evening cisplatin and furosemide treatment. The second course evening cisplatin and furosemide treatment was associated with an increase in NAG excretion compared to the first course of treatment, while morning cisplatin and furosemide treatment in the second course showed less change in NAG excretion compared to the first course. The clock time of cisplatin administration had an impact on the frequency of emesis. Prophylactic ondansetron, however, diminished the time-of-day dependency of cisplatin-induced vomiting. Administration of cisplatin and furosemide in the morning rather than evening appears to cause less renal damage, and this damage may be further reduced with aggressive hydration and routine administration of furosemide.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed2001

The preparation of rapidly disintegrating tablets in the mouth.

Elderly people, children and patients sometimes have difficulties swallowing tablets. To solve this problem, a novel method of preparing tablets that disintegrate rapidly in the mouth was developed. A tablet with high porosity is required for rapid disintegration, but such a tablet is generally fragile. To make a tablet having both high porosity and practical strength, amorphous sucrose, which has good compactability, was used. Mannitol powder with freeze-dried amorphous sucrose was tableted at low compression and stored under certain conditions. The tablet disintegrated rapidly in the mouth, because of its high porosity. The tensile strength of the tablet increased remarkably during storage, while the porosity of the tablet seemed almost unchanged. The results of thermal analysis and powder x-ray diffraction measurement showed that the amorphous sucrose in tablet crystallized during storage. The increase in the tensile strength of the tablet was due to crystallization of the amorphous sucrose and formation of new internal contact points in the tablet. It was concluded that this crystalline transition method is a very useful method to prepare a rapidly disintegrating tablet.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

New method for quantitative mapping of metallic elements in tissue sections by electron probe microanalyser with wavelength dispersive spectrometers.

In this paper, we have proposed a new method that gives quantitative distributions of metallic elements in a tissue section by electron probe microanalyser equipped with wavelength dispersive spectrometers. Its principal merit is the clear expression of element distribution with micrometer resolution in typically prepared section samples for routine histopathological diagnosis. By analysing thin standard films containing metallic atoms of interest, it was confirmed that the detection limit is about 1 x 10(6) atoms microm-2. This value corresponds to 100 microg g(-1) (dry weight) in case of tissue section of 2 microm thickness. Furthermore, for copper, iron and aluminium, the exact linear relationship between the amount of metallic atoms and the characteristic X-ray intensity was established in the range up to 15 x 10(6) atoms microm(-2). The element maps of tissue sections from patients with Wilson's disease proved that the copper levels in analysed areas were not homogeneous and indicated abnormal accumulation in some portions. These results confirmed the usefulness of this method for histopathological diagnosis.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2001

Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire to assess isoflavone intake in a japanese population in comparison with dietary records and blood and urine isoflavones.

Valid food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) need to be developed to assess isoflavone intake in investigations of its possible association with the lower incidence of breast and prostate cancer in Asian countries. We investigated the validity and reproducibility of isoflavone (daidzein and genistein) intakes from self-administered semiquantitative FFQ used in the JPHC Study (Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases). We also investigated the number of food items that would be sufficient to ensure validity and reproducibility. We collected FFQ, dietary records (DR), blood and urine samples from 215 subjects among JPHC Study participants, estimated isoflavone intakes from FFQ and DR, and measured serum isoflavone concentration and urine isoflavone excretion. For daidzein, mean intakes estimated from FFQ and DR, serum concentration and urine excretion were 18.3 mg/d, 14.5 mg/d, 119.9 nmol/L and 17.0 micromol/d and for genistein, 31.4 mg/d, 23.4 mg/d, 475.3 nmol/L and 14.2 micromol/d, respectively. Results were similar when analyzed by sex. Spearman correlation coefficients for daidzein of energy-adjusted intakes from FFQ with those from DR, serum concentration and creatinine-adjusted urinary excretion were 0.64, 0.31 and 0.43, respectively. Correlations between two FFQ estimates with a 1-y interval were 0.76. Results were similar for genistein. The shorter version of the FFQ with three items (natto, miso and tofu for miso soup) showed a similar correlation. The original FFQ and the shorter versions have sufficient validity and reproducibility to be used in epidemiologic studies.

Diet Records↗