Biomedical subjects

M Kawano

Publications and source records attributed to M Kawano.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

Efficacy of cyclosporin A for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

In an 11-year-old girl with severe dyspnoea and cyanosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was diagnosed. The PaO2 of blood could be maintained between 50 mm Hg and 70 mm Hg with a high dose pulse corticosteroid therapy, although this dose could not be reduced. Azathioprine in addition to prednisolone provoked deterioration. Twelve weeks after admission, cyclosporin A (Cs A), a known immunosuppressant, was started together with prednisolone. The PaO2 reverted to normal within 1 month and prednisolone could be tapered off within 6 months. Two years after admission, the patient is free of symptoms on continuous Cs A therapy. This case seems to be the first case successfully treated with Cs A.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

Sequencing analyses and comparison of parainfluenza virus type 4A and 4B NP protein genes.

The nucleotide sequences of the cDNA copies of the mRNA coding for the nucleocapsid proteins (NPs) of human parainfluenza viruses type 4A (PIV-4A) and type 4B (PIV-4B) were determined. The copy of PIV-4A NP mRNA contained 1885 nucleotides encoding a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 62,561. The same number of amino acids with a similar molecular weight (62,425) were predicted for the PIV-4B NP protein. Comparisons on the nucleotide sequence and the amino acid sequence of NP protein between these two subtypes revealed extensive homologies in the nucleotide sequence (87%) and in the amino acid sequence (93%). Furthermore, a conserved region with about 100 amino acids was observed between PIV-4s and other paramyxoviruses, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Sendai virus, mumps virus (MuV), PIV-3, BPIV-3, measles virus (MV), and canine distemper virus (CDV), indicating a common ancestor for these nine viruses. Our data also indicated that the PIV-4 NP proteins were more closely related to MuV and NDV than to other parainfluenza viruses, PIV-3, BPIV-3, and Sendai virus. Interestingly, the NP protein homology between PIV-4s and the morbillivirus group, MV and CDV, was slightly higher than that between PIV-4s and the parainfluenza viruses, PIV-3, BPIV-3, and Sendai virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Sequence determination of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and the construction of a phylogenetic tree for HN proteins of all the paramyxoviruses that are infectious to humans.

The nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2) was determined. The PIV-2 HN gene was 2112 nucleotides excluding poly(A) tail. There was a single large open reading frame in the mRNA which encoded a protein of 571 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 63,262. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that there were fourteen potential glycosylation sites and a major hydrophobic region near the N-terminus, which would anchor the protein in the viral membrane. Comparisons of the HN protein sequences of PIV-2 with those of Simian virus 5 (SV5), Sendai virus (SV, parainfluenza virus type 1), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), type 4 (PIV-4), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), mumps virus (MuV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) showed definite amino acid sequence relatedness, indicating a common ancestor for these viruses. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the protein sequences suggested a possible evolutionary relatedness among the paramyxoviruses. This is the first time that a phylogenetic tree has been constructed for all the parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus which are infectious to humans. In addition, amino acid sequences involved in hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of paramyxovirus were discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Antigenic and structural properties of a paramyxovirus simian virus 41 (SV41) reveal a close relationship with human parainfluenza type 2 virus.

Seven structural component proteins of a paramyxovirus simian virus 41 (SV41) were identified with the aid of monoclonal antibodies prepared against SV41 and human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV2). The nucleoprotein is antigenically very close to that of PIV2, while it is comparatively far from that of simian virus 5 (SV5). The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein showed no immunological relationship to either of the HN proteins of PIV2 or SV5. The amino acid sequence of the SV41 HN protein was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its HN gene and revealed that the SV41 HN is unexpectedly close to the PIV2 HN (61.2% identity in amino acid sequence), while the SV5 HN showed only 48.3% identity with the PIV2 HN. The SV41 HN is also related to the SV5 HN (51.3% identity); thus, the SV41 HN is phylogenetically situated between the PIV2 and SV5 HNs. These results indicate that SV41 is the virus closest to PIV2 at present.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Sequence analyses of the 3' genome end and NP gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: sequence variation of the gene-starting signal and the conserved 3' end.

We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs against nucleocapsid protein (NP) mRNA and the genomic RNA of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2). The 3' terminal region of genomic RNA was compared among PIV-2, mumps virus (MuV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), measles virus (MV), PIV-3, bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPIV-3), Sendai virus (SV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and an extensive sequence homology was observed between PIV-2 and MuV. Although no significant sequence relatedness was observed between PIV-2 and other viruses, the terminal four nucleotides were identical in the viruses compared, implying a specific role of these nucleotides on the replication of paramyxoviruses. A primer extension analysis elucidated the major NP mRNA initiation site with the sequence UCUAAGCC, which showed a moderate homology with the gene-starting consensus sequences of other paramyxoviruses. On the other hand, the NP mRNA was terminated at the nucleotide stretch AAAUUCUUUUU, and this sequence was conserved in all the PIV-2 genes, indicating that the oligonucleotides will form a part of the gene attenuation signal of PIV-2. Comparisons of NP protein sequence indicated a possible subgrouping of the paramyxoviruses into two groups, one of which is a group including PIV-2, PIV-4, MuV, and NDV, and another is a group including PIV-3, BPIV-3, and SV. This result supports an idea from our previous studies using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, our data indicated that the PIV-2 NP protein sequence was more closely related to MV and CDV than to other parainfluenza viruses, PIV-3 and SV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Complete nucleotide sequence of the matrix gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and expression of the M protein in bacteria.

The sequence of the M gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV-2) has been determined. The sequence contained a large open reading frame with 1131 nucleotides encoding a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 42,312. Comparison of M protein sequence indicated that PIV-2 was more closely related to mumps virus and Newcastle disease virus than to other parainfluenza viruses, Sendai virus (SV), and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3), indicating a possible subdividing of the Paramyxovirus into two groups. This grouping is consistent with that obtained from analysis of the HN gene. Measles virus and canine distemper virus definitely belong to the subgroup composed of SV and PIV-3. No homology region was found in all the paramyxoviruses compared. However, a tertiary structure may be conserved in each subgroup of paramyxovirus. The M protein of PIV-2 was expressed in bacteria, and the product was recognized by a monoclonal antibody specific for the PIV-2 M protein. The bacterial-expressed protein, however, was heterogeneous and smaller in size.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human parainfluenza type 4A virus HN gene: its irregularities on structure and activities.

We cloned the cDNA of human parainfluenza type 4A virus (PIV-4A) HN gene by reverse-transcription of virus-specific mRNAs and genomic RNA, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the HN gene. The predicted HN protein sequence of PIV-4A showed significant relatedness with those of other paramyxoviruses, SV5, NDV, MuV, PIV-3, BPIV-3, indicating a common ancestor. The homologies between the viruses suggested that PIV-4A is more closely related to NDV, SV5, and MuV than to the parainfluenza viruses, PIV-3, bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPIV-3), and Sendai virus (SV). Sixty amino acids were commonly conserved among the viruses, other than PIV-4A. Two of these amino acids were substituted in PIV-4A HN and are predicted to be located near the active site of the neuraminidase. The analysis of neuraminidase of PIV-4 revealed that the activity is hardly detectable, suggesting the significant effect of the substituted amino acid sites on neuraminidase activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Sequence of the fusion protein gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and its 3' intergenic region: lack of small hydrophobic (SH) gene.

cDNA clones representing the fusion (F) gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV-2) were isolated from cDNA libraries constructed from virus-specific mRNA and genomic RNA, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the F gene was determined. The F gene is 1854 nucleotides long and encodes one long open reading frame of 551 amino acids. The cleavage site for activation of the precursor Fo protein is Thr-Arg-Gln-Lys-Arg. The F gene of PIV-2 is most closely related to those of simian virus 5 (SV5) and mumps virus (MuV). Interestingly, although the HN glycoprotein of PIV-2 shows no relatedness to the HA glycoprotein of measles virus (MV), a distinct homology is found in the F proteins of PIV-2 and MV. As concerns F proteins, paramyxoviruses can be divided into two subgroups; that is, PIV-2, SV5, and MuV belong to one group, and HPIV-1, SV, and PIV-3 belong to the other group. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and MV are intermediate. Coding regions for small hydrophobic (SH) proteins have been found between the HN and F genes of SV5 and MuV, which are the viruses most closely related to PIV-2. However, such a gene could not be detected in two different strains of PIV-2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein (P) genes of human parainfluenza type 4A and 4B viruses and RNA editing at transcript of the P genes: the number of G residues added is imprecise.

We cloned and sequenced the cDNAs against genomic RNAs and mRNAs for phosphoproteins (Ps) of human parainfluenza virus types 4A (PIV-4A) and 4B (PIV-4B). The PIV-4A and -4B P genes were 1535 nucleotides including poly(A) tract and were found to have two small open reading frames, neither of which was apparently large enough to encode the P protein. A cluster of G residues was found in genomic RNA and the number of G residues was 6 in both PIV-4A and -4B. However, the number of G residues at the corresponding site in the mRNAs to the genomic RNA was not constant. Three different mRNA cDNA clones were obtained; the first type of mRNA encodes a larger (P) protein of 399 amino acids, the second type encodes V protein of 229 or 230 amino acids, and the third type encodes the smallest protein (156 amino acids). Comparisons on the nucleotide and the amino acid sequences P and V proteins between these two subtypes revealed extensive homologies. However, these homology degrees are lower than that of NP protein. The C-terminal regions of the P and V proteins of PIV-4s could be aligned with all other Paramyxoviruses, PIV-2, mumps virus (MuV), simian virus 5 (SV 5), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Sendai virus (SV), and PIV-3. On the other hand, the P-V common (N-terminal) regions showed no homology with MV, CDV, SV, and PIV-3. Seven phylogenetic trees of Paramyxoviruses were constructed from the entire and partial regions of P and V proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Sequence analysis of P gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: P and cysteine-rich proteins are translated by two mRNAs that differ by two nontemplated G residues.

We cloned and sequenced the cDNAs against genomic RNA and mRNA for phosphoprotein (P) of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2). cDNA clone from genomic RNA was 1439 nucleotides in length excluding poly(A) and was found to have two small open reading frames encoding proteins of 233 and 249 amino acids. Two different mRNA cDNA clones were obtained; that is, one mRNA contained a smaller reading frame coding 225 amino acids, V protein, and the other mRNA contained a larger reading frame coding 395 amino acids, P protein. Both mRNAs had G cluster in coding frame. The former mRNA contained seven G residues, and two extra G residues were inserted in the latter mRNA. Ten cDNA clones from the genomic RNA were identical and were composed of seven G residues, indicating that genomes analyzed here were a homogeneous population. Therefore, V protein is encoded by faithfully copied mRNA and P protein is translated from mRNA in which two additional G residues are nontemplately inserted immediately after seven genomically encoded G residues. The V and P proteins are amino coterminal proteins and have different C termini. The C terminus of V protein is cysteine-rich and bears some resemblance to metal-binding protein of the zinc finger-type motif. P protein sequence of PIV-2 showed high homologies with SV 5 (40.4%) and mumps virus (35.5%), and a moderate homology with Newcastle disease virus (20.6%). On the other hand, very little homology was found between PIV-2 and other paramyxoviruses including Sendai virus, PIV-3, and measles virus. The cysteine-rich region in V protein was found to be highly conserved in PIV-2, SV 5, and measles virus, suggesting that V protein of paramyxoviruses plays important roles in transcription and/or replication. The predicted cysteine-rich V protein was detected in virus-infected cells using antiserum directed against an oligopeptide specific for the predicted V polypeptide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Prostacyclin producing activity of human umbilical blood vessels in adrenergic innervated and non-innervated portions.

The present experiment was performed in order to clarify the significance of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the regulation of human umbilical blood flow. Distribution of adrenergic nerve fibers in umbilical cord was examined by means of a modification of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical technique. PGI2 producing activity in various portions of umbilical blood vessels was measured by platelet bioassay. Adrenergic nerve fibers were observed only in the region surrounding umbilical arteries at the fetal end of the cord. PGI2 producing activity of umbilical arteries was significantly lower in the innervated region than in the non-innervated region. There were no significant regional differences in umbilical vein which has no adrenergic innervation. The relationship between vascular PGI2 producing activity and adrenergic innervation, and the significance of PGI2 in the regulation of human umbilical blood flow are discussed.

Adrenergic Fibers↗

PubMed1990

[Echovirus type 18 infection: clinical features of 15 cases in Kitakyushu in 1988].

An epidemic disease with maculopapular exanthem, especially on the face and the extremities was observed form June to July of 1988 in Kitakyushu-shi. The clinical findings of 15 patients (male 12, female 3) with exanthem were described. Symptoms included fever (10 patients), diarrhea (5), cough and nasal discharge (2), headache and vomiting (1), and hyperreflexia (1). Echovirus type 18 was isolated from throat swabs and stool samples of 9 patients.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1990

Eustachian tube function in OME patients with cleft palate. Special reference to the prognosis of otitis media with effusion.

Eustachian tube function was investigated in two groups of cleft palate patients who had otitis media with effusion. One group consisted of 16 ears that healed after one ventilatory tube insertion, the other consisted of 33 ears that needed repeated tube insertion and did not heal in 2 years. The latter group was characterized by low opening pressure and inability to sustain lower middle ear positive pressure. This decrease force in the Eustachian tube was considered to be related to the prognosis of otitis media with effusion in patients with cleft palate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Evaluation of cardiac function at rest and under acute loading in patients with essential hypertension using pulsed Doppler echocardiography].

We studied 45 untreated patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (EH) and 27 normotensive controls to assess the relationship between pulsed Doppler echocardiographic parameters and cardiac function, and the effects of acute changes in preload or afterload on these parameters. The following pulsed Doppler parameters were measured: as left ventricular (LV) inflow parameters, rapid filling peak velocity (R), presystolic peak velocity (A), and A/R; as LV outflow parameters, preejection period (PEP), ejection period (ET), ET/PEP, and peak velocity (PV). These parameters were compared with those relating to cardiac function, such as age, interventricular septal thickness (IVST), LV mass index (LVMI), % fractional shortening (%FS), LV end-systolic wall stress (WS), blood pressure, and heart rate. The changes in preload and afterload were induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or phenylephrine infusion, which caused decreases or increases in the mean blood pressure by approximately 15%. 1. LV inflow parameters: Compared to normals, A and the A/R were higher in the group EH (p less than 0.01). IVST in the group EH correlated with R and the A/R, but LVMI did not correlate with these parameters. In normals, A correlated with %FS and WS, but did not in the group EH. R and the A/R correlated with age in normals, but not in the group EH. 2. LV outflow parameters: There were no significant differences between the two groups. PV in the group EH correlated positively with %FS, and negatively with WS. The ET/PEP in normals correlated with %FS and WS, but not in the group EH. 3. Effects of SNP: Reduction in preload caused a decrease in R and an increase in the A/R in both the groups (p less than 0.01). At the same time, reduction in afterload induced increase in PV. 4. Effects of phenylephrine: An increase in afterload did not change A, R or the A/R, though PV decreased significantly in normals and tended to decrease in the group EH. In summary, though the significance of the pulsed Doppler parameters of the LV was not always the same between the two groups, these parameters may be used to evaluate cardiac function in EH, if we pay attention to the influence of preload and afterload.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Bucillamine-associated membranous nephropathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis].

A case of bucillamine-associated membranous nephropathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis was reported. A 34 year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of proteinuria in September, 1988. Rheumatoid arthritis had been diagnosed in April, 1988, and had been treated with bucillamine (disease modifying anti rheumatic drug) and amfenac (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug). The renal biopsy specimens showed Stage I membranous nephropathy, on both electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Proteinuria decreased after the drugs were withdrawn despite continued RA symptoms. These results were consistent with drug induced nephropathy. Since bucillamine has some resemblances in its structure and pharmacologic action to D-penicillamine, which sometimes induces membranous nephropathy, it is thought that the nephropathy in this case was caused by an adverse reaction to bucillamine.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[A case of renal cell carcinoma associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis].

A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of a treatment for his right renal tumor. The abdominal CT scanning revealed a mass in the right kidney, and a right selective renal arteriography demonstrated a hypervascular tumor. On admission, urinalysis revealed proteinuria (3-4 g/day) and microscopic hematuria, and serum electrolytes were normal. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were 1.6 mg/dl and 30 mg/dl, respectively. A percutaneous right renal biopsy specimens showed crescentic glomerulonephritis. Direct immunofluorescence studies showed strong linear staining for IgG and IgA along the glomerular capillary walls. Electron microscopy showed increased mesangial matrix and swollen epithelial cells, but no dense deposits in the para-mesangial area and in the glomerular basement membrane. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy. Histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed renal cell carcinoma. Postoperatively, he developed rapidly progressive renal failure and the renal function could not be recovered. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, we could not confirm the presence of a serum anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody, although the examination could not be carried out until the initiation of hemodialysis therapy. Some cases of glomerulopathies associated with renal cell carcinoma were previously reported, but the case of crescentic glomerulonephritis was very rare.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[A study of partial purification of ganglioside GD3 synthase and its enzymatic properties].

A simple and rapid procedure using anion exchange chromatography was established for determinations of the activity of ganglioside GD3 synthase (CMP-NeuAc: GM3, alpha 2----8 sialyltransferase) which catalyzes the conversion of ganglioside GM3 to GD3. The procedure was applicable for determination of activity of other ganglioside synthases. With the use of this procedure and GM3-acid affinity chromatography, the GD3 synthase was partially purified about 80 fold from a Lubrol PX extract of rat liver Golgi apparatus. The enzyme obtained had a pll optimum of 6.4. The preferred acceptors of the enzyme was GM3 containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (GM3 (NeuAc)) and GM3 containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (GM3 (NeuGc)), with 2-fold higher V max in the latter than in the former. The Km values for GM3 (NeuAc), GM3 (NeuGc) and CMPNeuAc were 0.7 mM, 0.11 mM and 75 microM, respectively. The reaction product was identified as GD3 by thin layer chromatography. As to detergent, this enzyme showed maximum activity in 0.3% of Triton CF-54. The synthase did not require divalent cations for the activity, but rather Zn2+ and Cd2+ at 5 mM completely inhibited the enzyme activity. Cytidine nucleotides were strong inhibitors. The product, GD3, at 2 mM inhibited 30% the enzyme activity. The activity level of the GD3 synthase of rat liver was markedly different in rat strains, WKAH and TO strains being highest among eight strains examined. Male rat exhibited higher level than female. The synthase activity in rat liver was high at neonatal stage and decreased gradually thereafter.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Clinical study of reaccumulation and persistence of chronic subdural hematoma; setting an Ommaya reservoir].

We treated 57 cases of chronic subdural hematoma by aspiration via the Ommaya reservoir following burr hole opening and irrigation of the hematoma in order to reduce the reaccumulation and persistence of the hematoma. An Ommaya reservoir was placed on the following patients: (1) the volume of hematoma was more than 100 ml and/or (2) expansion of the brain after evacuation of the hematoma was poor. However in spite of these techniques there were 6 cases (10.5%) of recurrence and 21 cases (36.8%) with persistence of the hematoma cavity for longer than 2 months after the first operation. The recurrence was due to occlusion of the Ommaya reservoir by massive rebleeding into the hematoma cavity in cases with a large subdural hematoma and/or an immature external membrane. Persistence of the hematoma cavity for longer than 2 months after the first operation was due to minor rebleeding and CSF inflow into the hematoma cavity through the damaged inner membrane in cases of acute onset and/or or coexisting intracranial disease (brain atrophy, cerebral infarction and subdural effusion). The most suitable cases for application of this technique were those with poor expansion of the brain after evacuation of the hematoma, or those with a mature external membrane and a medium-size hematoma.

Adult↗