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Biomedical subjects

M Kane

Publications and source records attributed to M Kane.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Implementing universal vaccination programmes: USA.

In the USA, the policy is that all infants receive vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is considered that HBV vaccine can be readily integrated into the routine childhood immunization schedule without additional visits. Booster doses of vaccine are not currently recommended because protection lasts for at least 10 years after vaccination. As with the other universal vaccination programmes, pre- or post-vaccination screening is not undertaken. Screening of all pregnant women for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and immunization of all infants of HBsAg-positive mothers has been continued.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1995

Model-based estimates of the risk of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission through unsafe injections.

BACKGROUND: Patient-to-patient transmission through contaminated medical equipment may be the principal route of nosocomial blood-borne infections globally. Quantifying cross infection risks could facilitate efforts to ensure safe injections in developing countries. METHOD: A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the risk of cross infection due to unsafe injections. The model was applied to immunization programmes with a fixed number of injections and in which unsterile needle and syringe reuse rates were specified. Risk estimates were generated using a range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B (HBV) prevalences. RESULTS: The risk of cross infection is zero when properly sterilized equipment is used. With unsafe injections, the risk of cross infection with HBV is consistently higher than HIV for comparable levels of endemicity. A single reuse of each needle and syringe in areas with an HBeAg prevalence of 4% results in 980 cases of HBV/100,000 infants; reuse four times results in 3740 cases. When the HIV prevalence is 1% and the reuse rate is 4, 14 to 35 cases of HIV/100,000 women could occur. Contamination of multidose vaccine vials could considerably increase these estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Neither HIV nor HBV transmission has been reported with injections administered through the Expanded Programme on Immunization. However, ample evidence exists that reuse of unsterile needles and syringes is common in developing countries. Ongoing efforts to ensure safe practices and improve injection technologies are required to protect these populations from both medical and traditional skin-piercing procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cloning, sequencing and expression of the S1 gene of avian reovirus.

The S1 genome segment of avian reovirus strain S1133 was cloned and completely sequenced. The sequence comprised 1636 bp with three distinct open reading frames (ORFs), suggesting the gene was polycistronic in nature. The three ORFs from 5' to 3' were predicted to encode polypeptides of 9.8, 3.8 and 34.9 kDa, respectively. Of the three ORFs, only the third possessed the AUG initiation codon in an optimum context for translation. The third ORF-encoded protein, 326 amino acids in length, was expressed in Escherichia coli and used as antigen in immunoblots. The protein was concluded to be sigma 3 on the basis of its recognition by a chicken anti-reovirus antiserum and due to the fact that a mouse antiserum raised against it recognized specifically the viral sigma 3 polypeptide. Sequence comparison of the avian reovirus S1 gene with its mammalian counterpart did not show any significant similarity between the two. However, amino acid sequence analysis and the predicted existence of a heptapeptide repeat pattern, as well as the relatively high frequency of alpha-helix structures in the amino terminal portion of sigma 3 suggests that this protein is structurally, and probably functionally, related to mammalian reovirus sigma 1 protein.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of five cardiac markers in the detection of reperfusion after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the clinical usefulness of serial measurements of five cardiac marker proteins, namely creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB mass, myoglobin, troponin T, and myosin light chain 1, in the early detection of reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment. METHOD: Serial blood samples were taken from 26 patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Concentrations of the five markers were assayed in each sample. Thrombolytic treatment was given to the patients who were divided into those who reperfused (n = 17, group A) and those who failed to reperfuse (n = 9, group B) on the basis of clinical signs and angiography within 24 h. RESULTS: The release profiles of CK, CK-MB mass, myoglobin, and troponin T for patients in group A differed from those of patients in group B. No difference was observed in the release profile of myosin light chain 1 between the two groups. The time to peak concentration of CK, CK-MB mass, myoglobin, and troponin T occurred significantly earlier in patients of group A than in those of group B, with myoglobin peaking earlier than the other markers. An index, defined as the ratio of the concentration of each marker immediately before and 2 h after the start of thrombolytic treatment, was calculated for each marker in groups A and B. The 2 h myoglobin and troponin T indices were significantly different between groups A and B. The diagnostic efficiency of the myoglobin index, however, was best at 85%. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that myoglobin has greater potential than the other markers examined in the detection of reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Phase II trial of docetaxel in advanced anthracycline-resistant or anthracenedione-resistant breast cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to doxorubicin or mitoxantrone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Docetaxel 100 mg/m2 was administered as a 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion every 3 weeks to 42 patients registered at four centers. Patients must have received at least one but no more than two prior chemotherapy regimens for MBC (in addition to any prior adjuvant therapy). One of the regimens for metastatic breast cancer must have included an anthracycline or anthracenedione and the cancer must have progressed on that regimen. RESULTS: Objective responses were seen in 20 of 35 assessable patients (three complete responses [CRs] and 17 partial responses [PRs]), for an objective response rate of 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39% to 74%) and in 21 of 42 registered patients (50% response rate [RR]; 95% CI, 34% to 66%) entered onto the trial. The median response duration was 28 weeks. The most common toxicity in this study was grade 4 neutropenia, which occurred in 95% of patients. Other clinically significant nonhematologic side effects included stomatitis, skin reactions, neurosensory changes, asthenia, and fluid retention. Patients who received dexamethasone premedication had a later onset of fluid retention than those who did not receive dexamethasone (onset at a median cumulative docetaxel dose of 503 mg/m2 and 291 mg/m2, respectively). CONCLUSION: Docetaxel at this dose and schedule has a high level of antitumor activity in patients with treatment-refractory advanced breast cancer, and appears to be one of the most active agents for the treatment of this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Reduced doses of hepatitis B vaccines: is it a good idea?

Hepatitis B vaccines are not generic products and it cannot be assumed that all such vaccines can be used in reduced doses in order to save costs. Any use of vaccines in an unlicensed manner should only be performed in the context of a study that is approved by the national control authority and appropriate ethical review committees.

Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer.

The human DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMSH2, on chromosome 2p is involved in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). On the basis of linkage data, a second HNPCC locus was assigned to chromosome 3p21-23 (ref. 3). Here we report that a human gene encoding a protein, hMLH1 (human MutL homologue), homologous to the bacterial DNA mismatch repair protein MutL, is located on human chromosome 3p21.3-23. We propose that hMLH1 is the HNPCC gene located on 3p because of the similarity of the hMLH1 gene product to the yeast DNA mismatch repair protein, MLH1, the coincident location of the hMLH1 gene and the HNPCC locus on chromosome 3, and hMLH1 missense mutations in affected individuals from a chromosome 3-linked HNPCC family.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1994

An evaluation of the relationship between self-report and biochemical measures of environmental tobacco smoke exposure.

To evaluate the relationship between self-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and saliva cotinine concentrations, we studied 186 nonsmokers. Each participant completed an exposure questionnaire, kept a daily exposure diary for 7 days, and provided a saliva sample for cotinine analysis. Salivary cotinine concentrations were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Of the volunteers, 30% lived with one or more smokers, and 84% were regularly exposed to smokers at work. Eighty-three percent of the volunteers had detectable saliva cotinine concentrations (> or = 0.5 ng/ml) (median = 1.1; range = 0.5-7.4 ng/ml). Cotinine concentrations were related to exposure in the household and at the workplace. Volunteers who lived with smokers had significantly higher cotinine levels (median = 1.0; range = < 0.5-7.4 ng/ml) than those who did not (median = < 0.5; range = < 0.5-4.7 ng/ml). Volunteers who reported regular exposure at work had higher cotinine levels (median = 0.8; range = < 0.5-7.4 ng/ml) than those who did not (median = < 0.5; range = < 0.5-3.0 ng/ml). Cotinine concentrations were predicted by a regression equation that included the number of smokers at home and work and the number of minutes of exposure recorded in the daily diary (r2 = 0.29).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Determination of ABO genotypes with DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

The gene encoding the specific glycosyltransferases which catalyze the conversion of the H antigen to A or B antigens shows a slight but distinct variation in its allelic nucleotide sequence and can be divided into 6 genotypes when digested with specific restriction enzymes. We extracted DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using SDS/proteinase K treatment followed by phenol/chloroform extraction. The sequence of nucleotides for the A, B and O genes was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA fragments of 128 bp and 200 bp could be amplified in the second round of PCR, using an aliquot of the first round PCR product as template. Degraded DNA from paraffin blocks stored for up to 10.7 years could be successfully typed. The ABO genotype was deduced from the digestion patterns with an appropriate combination of restriction enzymes and was compatible with the phenotype obtained from the blood sample.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1994

A framework for the evaluation of vaccines for use in the expanded programme on immunization.

Since 1974, the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has provided technical support for the immunization of the world's children and women of childbearing age. Today, the vast majority of vaccines administered to these groups are delivered through the immunization programmes that have been established in developing countries. As these national programmes share many characteristics, the global use of a new or improved vaccine could be largely dependent on its compatibility with the priorities, existing antigens and vaccine delivery system of this network. Consequently, a framework has been developed for the systematic evaluation of candidate vaccines for use in EPI.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.

We have identified a human homolog of the bacterial MutS and S. cerevisiae MSH proteins, called hMSH2. Expression of hMSH2 in E. coli causes a dominant mutator phenotype, suggesting that hMSH2, like other divergent MutS homologs, interferes with the normal bacterial mismatch repair pathway. hMSH2 maps to human chromosome 2p22-21 near a locus implicated in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). A T to C transition mutation has been detected in the -6 position of a splice acceptor site in sporadic colon tumors and in affected individuals of two small HNPCC kindreds. These data and reports indicating that S. cerevisiae msh2 mutations cause an instability of dinucleotide repeats like those associated with HNPCC suggest that hMSH2 is the HNPCC gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of traumatic earlobe clefts.

Torn and split earlobes are common and often due to earring trauma. Repair of split earlobe clefts is one of the most common problems in plastic surgery. However, little has been written recently about this subject. This article compares our technique for repairing cleft earlobes with other described techniques. The technique presented is sound, simple in concept, technically undemanding to perform, and has definite advantages over other methods currently in use. A waiting period before repiercing the ear is suggested to allow the earlobe tissue to soften and assume its final shape. Neither recurrence nor notching of the lobule has been a problem.

Ear, External↗
PubMed1993

Medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a canine model comparing the in vivo efficacy of alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists in the prostate.

Medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an alternative to surgical treatment of this disease. A major target for pharmacologic therapy is the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, since activation of this receptor by endogenous catecholamines is thought to contribute to outlet obstruction. In the present study, we compared the potency of various alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists against epinephrine-induced contraction of the canine prostate. The drugs tested were dibenzyline, prazosin, terazosin and YM617. The rank order of potency, comparing inhibitory constants (Ki's), was found to be YM617 >> prazosin > terazosin > dibenzyline. This study is the first to compare all of these drugs directly in the prostate in vivo. The rank order of potency of the drugs is similar to the rank order of potency at other alpha-1 receptors. These results demonstrate that 1) our model is useful in confirming activity of drugs at the alpha-1 receptor and 2) the prostate alpha-1 receptor is similar to other alpha-1 receptors. Whether activity at the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor is a sufficient determinant of clinical efficacy of these drugs remains to be determined.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗