[Periodic recycling of the central nervous system by dreaming during paradoxical sleep].
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
M Jouvet
Publications and source records attributed to M Jouvet.
[HLA and narcolepsy. Apropos of 28 cases including 2 negative HLA-DR2].
Association between narcolepsy and HLA-DR2 antigen is the strongest so far described between an HLA antigen and a disease. Among 28 narcoleptic patients, we found two HLA-DR2 negative cases: a caucasoid woman also suffering from dystrophia myotonica and a negroid. All of our patients were HLA-DQW1 positive. An hypothetical narcolepsy susceptibility gene could be located in the HLA region, closer to the DQ than to the DR gene. It could be a pathologic allele of a sleep controlling gene in linkage disequilibrium with DQW1. Presence of DQW1 is a quasi-requisite for the expression of narcolepsy. It is not sufficient as it is observed in 70 p. 100 of controls.
Adolescent↗
Increase of paradoxical sleep induced by microinjections of ibotenic acid into the ventrolateral part of the posterior hypothalamus in the cat.
In order to study putative hypothalamic mechanisms of sleep-waking cycle regulation we injected a neural cell body toxin--ibotenic acid (IBO), 40 to 200 micrograms--into the ventrolateral part of the posterior hypothalamus (HVL). This injection induced a dramatic biphasic and transient hypersomnia immediately after the disappearance of the anesthesia (14 to 24 hours after the injection). The duration of hypersomnia was dose dependent. Its first period was characterized by an increase in paradoxical sleep (PS) (300%). Then, during the second phase, PS disappeared and there was a subsequent increase of slow sleep (SWS) (60%). Finally, on the third day, all cats recovered control level of PS and SWS while, 3 weeks later, the histological analysis revealed the great loss of cell bodies in the HVL in all cats.
Animals↗
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain tissue.
We demonstrated the presence of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the immediate precursor of serotonin (5-HT), in the rat brain tissue using a glutaraldehyde-coupled immunohistochemical technique. The immunoreactivity of 5-HTP was intensified in the colchicine-pretreated rat. The distribution of labelled cells was the same as for 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, but they were fewer in number.
5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cat hypothalamus, with special reference to fluorescence histochemistry.
The present study examines the distribution and morphological characteristics of neurons containing immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cat hypothalamus. We used the indirect immunoperoxidase technique on vibratome sections. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell bodies were widely distributed in discrete regions of the cat hypothalamus. Several principal cell groups were identified. They were seen in the posterior and dorsal hypothalamic areas, zona incerta, dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas, arcuate nucleus, periventricular nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and an area of the tuber cinereum and preoptic area. These cells presented two different morphological characteristics; small with two to three short processes and medium to large, multipolar with three to five long dendritic trees. The atlas is presented in twelve cross-sectional drawings of the cat hypothalamus from the level A8.5 to A15 of the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic planes. We also examined the distribution of hypothalamic catecholamine fluorescent neurons by using the aqueous aldehyde method in combination with glyoxylic acid applied to vibratome sectioned tissues, which improves sensitivity. Comments are made on the relative localizations of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive and aldehyde-induced histofluorescent cells, as well as on species differences between the cat, rat, and mouse.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical evidence for the adrenergic medullary longitudinal bundle as a major ascending pathway to the hypothalamus.
Three weeks after unilateral electrolytic lesion of the longitudinal axon bundle in the medulla oblongata of the rat, we observed a decrease in the number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers in virtually all the regions of the diencephalon ipsilaterally to the lesion, especially in the dorsomedial nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that the hypothalamic PNMT-IR terminal-like fibers originate in the ipsilateral medulla oblongata presumptive adrenaline-containing (Ad) neurons especially through ascending projections provided in majority by the longitudinal axon bundle. Further, no PNMT-IR cell bodies were detected in the hypothalamus even after colchicine treatment.
Adrenergic Fibers↗
Visualization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cat dorsal motor vagal cells after treatment with parachlorophenylalanine.
We examined tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neuronal structures in the cat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and its adjacent regions. We identified only a few in the caudal part of the DMV and no TH-IR cells at all in its rostral portion. However, after treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), numerous TH-IR perikarya were visualized in the DMV. Comments are made on the central catecholamine regulation and the possible influence of serotonin afferents on this nucleus.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical evidence for the adrenergic medullary longitudinal bundle as a major ascending pathway to the locus coeruleus.
The present study describes the first experimental evidence for a direct projection of the medulla oblongata adrenergic (Ad) neurons to the rat pontine structures by using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Three weeks after unilateral electrolytic lesion of the longitudinal axon bundle in the medulla oblongata, the morphological changes of the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive (IR) structures located in the rat brainstem have been analysed. In the lesioned rats we observed a decrease in the number of PNMT-IR structures in virtually all regions of the brainstem ipsilateral to the lesion, especially in the locus coeruleus (LC). These results indicate that the PNMT-IR terminal-like fibers of the LC are derived from the ipsilateral medulla oblongata Ad neurons and are mainly provided by the longitudinal axon bundle.
Adrenergic Fibers↗
Peptidergic hypothalamic afferents to the cat nucleus raphe pallidus as revealed by a double immunostaining technique using unconjugated cholera toxin as a retrograde tracer.
Using a double immunostaining technique with unconjugated cholera toxin (CT) as a retrograde tracer, we have demonstrated in the cat that the nucleus raphe pallidus receives two major afferent projections from the hypothalamus: the preoptic periventricular nucleus; and the peri- and paraventricular zones of the posterior hypothalamic area. Some CT-labeled neurons in the preoptic periventricular nucleus showed Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity, while many CT-labeled neurons in the posterior hypothalamic area presented either corticotropin-releasing-factor-like or Met-Enk-like immunoreactivity.
Afferent Pathways↗
Mapping of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the feline hypothalamus and hypophysis.
The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the cat hypothalamus and hypophysis was studied with the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and co-workers (Coons, Leduc, and Connolly: J. Exp. Med. 102:49-60, 1955), which provided a detailed map of NPY-like immunoreactive neurons. The immunolabelling was detected in cell bodies, fibers, and terminallike structures widely distributed throughout the whole hypothalamus. A large population of medium-sized NPY-like immunoreactive cell bodies was localized in the area of arcuate nucleus. The number of immunoreactive cell bodies visualized was dramatically increased after intracerebroventricular injections of colchicine. Numerous immunolabelled cell bodies were also visible in the median eminence and scattered in the lateral hypothalamic area. Dense plexuses of NPY-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the arcuate nucleus, internal layer of median eminence, periventricular zone, and paraventricular nucleus. Other regions of hypothalamus displaying numerous NPY-like immunoreactive fibers included dorsal and ventrolateral hypothalamic areas. In contrast, certain hypothalamic areas were almost devoid of NPY-like immunoreactive fibers-namely, the mammillary bodies and suprachiasmatic nucleus. Finally, in neurohypophysis, bright immunofluorescent fibers were observed along the pituitary stalk and penetrating the neural lobe. These results suggest the widespread distribution of the NPY-containing neuronal systems in the cat hypothalamus and hypophysis.
Animals↗
Distribution of two types of monoamine oxidase-containing neurons in the cat medulla oblongata demonstrated by an improved histochemical method.
The topographic distribution of cells containing monoamine oxidase, the enzyme which deaminates amines, was studied in the cat medulla oblongata. By means of enzyme histochemistry using a new coupled peroxidation method, monoamine oxidase activity was demonstrated in the somata, dendrites and fibers. Type A monoamine oxidase, inhibited by clorgyline but not deprenyl, were localized in the cells distributed in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla where catecholaminergic neurons are present. Type B monoamine oxidase-positive cell bodies were identified in the regions containing serotonergic neurons. Furthermore, we found an intense activity of type A monoamine oxidase in many cells of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus of the rostrocaudal extent, and more rostrally in the nucleus parvocellularis where few or no aminergic neurons have been described.
Animals↗
Human sleep patterns in Antarctica.
Eight volunteers wintering in a French coastal station in Antarctica underwent 156 polysomnographic night recordings. The subjects, selected for their usual good sleeping habits, were recorded on 17-21 nights throughout the wintering in sessions of 2 to 3 consecutive nights. A two-way analysis of variance showed that most of the subjects' sleep characteristics were not similar, leading the authors to study the individual time course of sleep variables. As the subjects slept in their own comfortable quarters, there was no "polar insomnia," no first night effect, nor any relationship between sleep pattern variations and climatic changes. In all subjects, delta sleep tended to increase throughout the wintering, whereas stages 1 and 2 decreased. No significant variation was seen in paradoxical sleep (PS), neither between subjects nor with time. PS latency was also within normal range, but it was bimodally distributed in subjects S1, S2, and S8. Some other sleep variables also varied in certain subjects. Such was the case for sleeping time, which decreased throughout the wintering period in subject S8, the least adapted individual. However, due to the limited number of subjects, no statistical attempt could be made to link individual differences in sleep patterns and adaptation to life in Antarctica.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Insomnia following a lesion of the paramedial preoptic area is reversible by inactivation of the posterior hypothalamus in the cat].
The bilateral intratissular injection of muscimol, an agonist of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), induced a transient hypersomnia (slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep) in an insomniac cat whose paramedial preoptic area had been previously bilaterally destroyed.
Animals↗
[Absence of paradoxical sleep rebound in hypophysectomized rats pretreated at birth with sodium glutamate].
Control untreated female rats and rats pretreated at birth with ten injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 mg/g b.w.) were hypophysectomized (Hypox) at 45-60 days of age and their sleep-waking cycle continuously registered. After 24 hrs. of PS deprivation, there was an immediate increase of PS (rebound) in the control Hypox and MSG rats while there was no increase in Hypox-MSG rats. Factors from arcuate nucleus and/or from the hypophysis are probably involved in the mechanisms of PS rebound.
Animals↗
Effects of electrolytic lesion of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its related areas on the sleep waking cycle in the cat.
In order to study putative hypothalamic mechanisms of sleep waking cycle regulation we destroyed, by electrolytic coagulation, a large part of the medial hypothalamus overlapping the paraventricular nucleus in 6 adult cats. We never observed any modification of light slow wave sleep. Three of the six cats presented no paradoxical sleep (PS) impairment, despite an almost total destruction of neurophysin-immunoreactive cells of PVN in two cats and marked signs of diabetes insipidus in the third. Further, in the other three animals a statistically significant decrease of daily quantities of PS and deep slow wave sleep (SWS2) were related to an extensive destruction of the anterior hypothalamic area. These results suggest lack of influence of the PVN in sleep regulation and an involvement of the anterior hypothalamus in the onset of SWS2 and PS.
Animals↗
Biochemical evidence for an interaction between adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons in the rat brainstem.
In this study, we sought to determine if there was an interaction between the C2 adrenaline-containing (A) neurons of the rat medulla oblongata and the noradrenaline-containing (NA) cell bodies of the locus coeruleus (LC). For this purpose, the biochemical response of the NA cell bodies of the LC after a lesion of the C2 region was studied by using as markers the in vitro activities of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). An increase in TH activity, not associated with any change in DBH or PNMT activity, was found in the LC (+104%, P less than 0.001) 4 days after a bilateral electrolytic lesion (3 mA for 5 s) of the C2 region. Conversely, the electrolytic lesioning of the neighboring A2 region of NA neurons did not modify the TH activity of the LC. These results suggest the existence of an ascending adrenergic inhibitory control of the NA cell bodies of the LC.
Afferent Pathways↗
Demonstration of monoamine oxidase type B in serotonergic and type A in noradrenergic neurons in the cat dorsal pontine tegmentum by an improved histochemical technique.
Application of a diaminobenzidine-coupled peroxidation method to monoamine oxidase (MAO) histochemistry demonstrates a detailed morphology of MAO-containing perikarya, dendrites, axons and fibers in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of the cat, sectioned with a vibratome. Further, utilization of specific inhibitors, deprenyl and clorgyline, also provides evidence that serotonergic neurons contain exclusively MAO-B and catecholaminergic ones contain MAO-A.
Animals↗