Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

M Jain

Publications and source records attributed to M Jain.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Cytological study of serous effusions with the aid of tumour markers.

Clinicocytological evaluation with the help of tumour markers was done in 25 cases presenting with serous effusions. The main aim was to differentiate between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells, type the tumour cells in effusions with the aid of tumour markers--carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin and vimentin. It was observed that immunocytochemistry has complemented conventional cytology in diagnosis of carcinoma specially in cases labelled as suspicious of malignancy. EMA was found to be the most reliable epithelial marker and very useful in differentiating carcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Plum stones: an unusual cause of ileostomy obstruction demonstrated by sonography.

Bowel obstruction is a common cause of stomal complications of ileostomy. We report a case in which sonography revealed 2 well-defined, rounded, hyperechoic structures, measuring 1.7 cm in diameter and causing dense acoustic shadowing, in the lumen of the bowel of a 3-year-old boy with a permanent end ileostomy. Endoscopy showed the structures to be freely mobile plum stones in the fluid-filled terminal ileum. This case demonstrates the usefulness of sonography in the diagnostic workup of patients with ileostomy obstruction.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Mixed hepatoblastoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology: a case report.

The cytologic features of a case of mixed hepatoblastoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in a 2 1/2-yr-old child are described. FNAB was carried out on a large, firm mass in the upper abdomen, without any complications. The characteristic cytologic features were clusters of polyhedral cells with mild anisonucleosis, and intracytoplasmic bile pigment. Focal areas of mesenchymal elements were seen. Immature hematopoietic cells were present. FNAB offers a safe and accurate method of diagnosis.

Bile↗
PubMed1998

Roundworm obstruction of the hepatic limb of a Roux-en-Y anastomosis.

A 7-year-old female with a type I choledochal cyst underwent an exploratory laparotomy. A Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy was done following cyst excision. The patient was re-explored 8 days later for an anastomotic bile leak and high fever. A round-worm was found obstructing the jejunal lumen at the porta hepatis, resulting in a biliary leak. Various aspects of biliary ascariasis are discussed along with the case report.

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗
PubMed1998

Covered exstrophy: a rare variant.

A case of covered exstrophy without sequestration of a bowel segment is reported. A 4-year-old female presented with dribbling of urine. Treatment to date has been simple excision of the covered membrane with functional closure of the bladder and bilateral posterior iliac osteotomies, with reconstruction of the bladder neck and genitalia to be performed at a later date. The embryogenesis of this rare variant, a review of the reported cases, and management options are discussed. Keyword Covered exstrophy. Exstrophy. Bladder variants

Bladder Exstrophy↗
PubMed1998

Rotational digital subtraction carotid angiography: technique and comparison with static digital subtraction angiography.

Recent advances in angiography equipment have allowed the development of rotational digital subtraction carotid angiography. We give the first description of this technique applied to the extracranial carotid circulation, using the Phillips Integris V3000 release 11. Forty-three patients undergoing conventional digital subtraction angiography were compared with 63 patients who had rotational digital subtraction angiography for examination of the extracranial carotid circulation. The parameters compared were: total procedure time, volume of contrast injection, number of contrast injections, total data acquisition time, image quality, radiation dose and patient comfort. There was a reduction in the total procedure time, improvement in patient comfort, data acquisition time and a reduction in the number of injections. Conventional DSA may underestimate stenoses in 65% of cases. There is no significant change in the total volume of contrast injected. There is, however, an increase in the radiation dose during data acquisition.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1998

The anti-gonadotropic effects of cytokines: the role of neuropeptides.

The inhibitory effect of inflammation and endotoxins on the secretion of reproductive hormones from the hypothalamo-pituitary axis is well documented. A comparison of the luteinizing hormone (LH) suppressing effects of several pro-inflammatory cytokines revealed that centrally administered IL-1 beta was the most potent inhibitor of pituitary LH secretion; interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha were relatively less effective, whereas IL-6 was ineffective. This order of potency suggested that the anti-gonadotropic effects of an immune challenge are most likely attributable to the action of centrally released IL-1 beta, and this was supported by the demonstration that IL-1 beta suppressed hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) release. We used a multifaceted approach to identify the afferent signals in the brain that convey immune messages to hypothalamic LHRH neurons. Pharmacological studies with specific antagonists of opioid receptor subtypes demonstrated that activation of the mu 1 receptor subtype was required to transmit the cytokine signal. Furthermore, icv IL-1 beta upregulated hypothalamic POMC mRNA and increased the concentration and release of beta-endorphin, the primary ligand of mu 1 receptors. We have obtained evidence that IL-1 beta also enhanced the gene expression and concentration of tachykinins, a family of nociceptive neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. Blockade of tachykinergic NK2 receptors attenuated IL-1 beta induced inhibition of LH secretion. Collectively, these results demonstrate that IL-1 beta, generated centrally in response to inflammation, upregulates the opioid and tachykinin peptides in the hypothalamus. These two groups of neuropeptides are critically involved in relaying the cytokine signal to neuroendocrine neurons and causing the suppression of hypothalamic LHRH and pituitary LH release.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Platelets from eclampsia patients have reduced membrane microviscosity and lower activities of the signalling enzymes.

It has been shown that platelets from patients suffering from eclampsia are hyporesponsive to stimulation by agonists like thrombin and ADP. Although platelet hyporeactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease process, the cause for this is still not known. Platelet aggregation and secretion are membrane-based phenomena initiated by the processes of cell signalling. Hence, to understand the mechanisms underlying platelet hyporeactivity in eclampsia, membrane microviscosity and activities of the signalling enzymes were measured in human platelets stimulated with thrombin. Membrane fluidity was determined from the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene incorporated in cell membranes. Activities of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in stimulated platelets were assessed from the extents of phosphatidic acid generation and pleckstrin phosphorylation, respectively. Platelet membrane microviscosity in eclampsia (2.3 +/- 0.2 SEM, n = 5) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the matched gravid control subjects (3.1 +/- 0.2, n = 4). In eclampsia, generation of phosphatidic acid and phosphorylation of pleckstrin were decreased by 25% (P < 0.05, n = 3) and 35% (P < 0.05, n = 3), respectively, after 60 sec of platelet stimulation. It was concluded that the hyporeactive platelets obtained from eclampsia have more fluid membranes and diminished activities of phospholipase C and protein kinase C. In summary, this study shows that alterations in membrane fluidity and activities of the signalling enzymes (phospholipase C and protein kinase C) may contribute to the diminished platelet responsiveness observed in the eclamptic condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A case-cohort study of diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast (Canada).

A case-cohort analysis of the association between diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast was undertaken within a cohort of 56,537 women who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) and who completed a self-administered dietary questionnaire. (The NBSS is a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 59 years.) BPED are thought to have premalignant potential. Specific hypotheses were that risk of BPED would increase with increasing energy-adjusted fat intake and decrease with increasing energy-adjusted vitamin A and fiber intake. Additionally, we explored the association between calcium intake and risk of BPED. During the active follow-up phase of the NBSS, 657 women in the dietary cohort were diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed incident BPED. For comparative purposes, a subcohort consisting of a random sample of 5,581 women was selected from the full dietary cohort. After exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 545 cases and 4,921 non-cases. Overall, the results were almost uniformly null, and provided little support for the study hypotheses. Rate ratios (95 percent confidence intervals [CI]) for the highest cf the lowest quintile levels for total fat, retinol, beta-carotene, fiber, and calcium were 0.88 (CI = 0.65-1.20), 0.97 (CI = 0.71-1.31), 0.94 (CI = 0.70-1.27), 1.11 (CI = 0.82-1.50), and 0.81 (CI = 0.60-1.07), respectively. There were too few cases of atypical BPED for meaningful analysis, but results for those whose BPED showed no atypia were similar to the overall results. Further analyses conducted separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS also failed to provide strong support for dietary associations, as did those conducted separately for screen-detected and interval-detected BPED.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol consumption and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast: a case-cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between alcohol consumption and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast (conditions which are thought to have premalignant potential). DESIGN: Case-cohort study. SETTING: The study was undertaken within the 56,537 women in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) who completed self-administered dietary questionnaires. (The NBSS is a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40-59 years at recruitment.) SUBJECTS: The study subjects were the 657 women in the dietary cohort who were diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed incident BPED. For comparative purposes, a subcohort consisting of a random sample of 5681 women was selected from the full dietary cohort. After exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 557 cases and 5028 non-cases. RESULTS: When compared to non-drinkers, rate ratios (95% CI) for those consuming > 0 and < or =10 g of ethanol day(-1), >10 and < or =20 g day(-1), >20 and < or =30 g day(-1) and >30 g day(-1) were 0.35 (0.27-0.45), 0.26 (0.18-0.39), 0.29 (0.18-0.48), and 0.23 (0.13-0.40), respectively (the associated P value for the trend was 0.089). Similar findings were obtained from analyses conducted separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS, in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and for non-atypical and atypical forms of BPED, and there was little difference between the results for screen-detected and interval-detected BPED. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption was associated with a non-dose-dependent reduction in risk of BPED.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that nutrition and food patterns, particularly high consumption of animal fat and low intake of fish products, may play a role in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: The relation between nutritional factors and MS was studied among 197 incident cases and 202 frequency matched controls in metropolitan Montreal during 1992-1995. Dietary information was collected by employing a 164-item food frequency questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. RESULTS: An inverse association was observed between high body mass index (BMI) and the risk of MS, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61-0.95), per 5-unit increase in BMI, both sexes combined. In addition, taller women showed a greater risk for MS; the OR per 10 cm increase in height was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.06-2.35). In continuous variable analyses, using the difference between the lowest and highest quartile of intake as a unit, a positive association was observed with energy and animal fat intake. The OR per 897 kcal increase was 2.03 (95% CI: 1.13-3.67) and 1.99 (95% CI: 1.12-3.54) per 33 g of animal fat intake above the baseline. A significant protective effect was observed with other nutrients, including vegetable protein, dietary fibre, cereal fibre, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, and potassium. Similar trends were seen for males and females when analysed separately. With respect to specific foods (as opposed to nutrients), a higher intake of fruit juices was inversely associated with risk (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74-0.92). A protective effect was also observed with cereal/breads intake for all cases combined (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.97) and for fish among women only; pork/hot dogs (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.02-1.51) and sweets/candy (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.07-1.55) were positively associated with risk. CONCLUSION: The study generally supports a protective role for components commonly found in plants (fruit/vegetables and grains) and an increased risk with high energy and animal food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cloning and expression of rat lung acidic Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 and its organ distribution.

A clone for a rat acidic Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from rat granular pneumocytes with a probe based on the human aiPLA2 sequence (T.S. Kim, C.S. Sundaresh, S. I. Feinstein, C. Dodia, W. R. Skach, M. K. Jain, T. Nagase, N. Seki, K. Ishikawa, N. Nomura, and A. B. Fisher. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 2542-2550, 1997). In addition, a consensus sequence for mouse aiPLA2 was constructed from several mouse cDNA clones in the GenBank and dbEST databases. Each sequence codes for a 224-amino acid protein with 88% identity of the amino acids among the three species and conservation of a putative lipase motif (GDSWG). Translation of mRNA produced from the rat clone in a wheat germ system resulted in expression of PLA2 activity with properties similar to those of the human enzyme, i.e., acidic pH optimum and Ca2+ independence. The localization of aiPLA2 in rat tissues was studied with the human cDNA probe, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and aiPLA2 activity. aiPLA2 is present in the lung as evidenced by high levels of mRNA and protein expression and by enzymatic activity that is inhibited by anti-PLA2 antibody and by the transition state analog 1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol (MJ33). Immunocytochemistry showed the presence of aiPLA2 in alveolar type II cells, alveolar macrophages, and bronchiolar epithelium. In the brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine, aiPLA2 mRNA content was < 50% of that in the lung, immunoreactive protein was not detectable, and enzymatic activity was not inhibited by MJ33 or aiPLA2 antibody. These results show marked enrichment of aiPLA2 in the lung compared with the other organs and suggest translational control of aiPLA2 expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in serum is inhibited by physiological concentrations of inorganic phosphate.

Natural and artificial manipulation of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity indicates that pyrophosphate, phosphoethanolamine, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are among the natural substrates for this enzyme. Although inorganic phosphate has been recognized as a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme for many years, the influence of phosphate on alkaline phosphatase activity in serum under physiological conditions has not been previously reported. We examined the kinetics of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase from bovine kidney and sera from 49 patients with a wide range of endogenous phosphate concentrations using pyridoxine 5'-phosphate as a substrate at pH 7.4. For the bovine kidney enzyme, the Km was 0.42 +/- 0.04 micromol/L, and the Ki for phosphate was 2.4 +/- 0.2 micromol/L. Analysis of the kinetics using pyridoxine 5'-phosphate in undiluted serum from 10 subjects with phosphorus ranging from 0.5-2.1 mmol/L and alkaline phosphatase activity ranging from 41-165 nmol/min x mL gave estimates for the Km of 56 +/- 11 micromol/L and for the Ki of 540 +/- 82 micromol/L for phosphate. This indicates that under physiological conditions alkaline phosphatase activity toward pyridoxine 5'-phosphate is reduced approximately 50% by the normal phosphate concentration and that it will increase or decrease significantly in response to changes in phosphate concentration within the ranges observed clinically.

Adult↗