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Biomedical subjects

M Jain

Publications and source records attributed to M Jain.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Chlamydial serology and laparoscopic findings in infertile women.

Fifty-seven infertile women were studied for presence of chlamydial infection by detecting antichlamydial antibodies using indirect immunoperoxidase assay technique. Laparoscopy was performed in all of them. Inflammatory changes in fallopian tubes were present irrespective of serological status. Thus no rigid criteria for carrying out laparoscopy can be made. A high index of suspicion is required for detection of chlamydial infection as it runs an indolent course with no specific symptoms.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Are female smokers at higher risk for lung cancer than male smokers? A case-control analysis by histologic type.

A case-control study of male-female differences in cigarette smoking and lung cancer was conducted during 1981-1985 in Toronto, St. Catharine's, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. In total, 442 female and 403 male histologically verified cancer cases were individually matched by age and area of residence to each other and to 410 female and 362 male randomly selected population controls. Subjects were interviewed concerning their exposures to various life-style factors, and in particular, they received detailed questioning regarding their lifelong histories of usage of tobacco products. It was found that, for both sexes, a greatly elevated risk of developing lung cancer was associated with cigarette consumption, increasing with pack-years of cigarettes smoked and declining with duration of time since quitting smoking. Furthermore, the association was significantly (p = 0.010) and appreciably stronger for females than for males. At a history of 40 pack-years relative to lifelong nonsmoking, the odds ratio for women was 27.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.9-52.0) and that for men was 9.60 (95% CI 5.64-16.3). Higher odds ratios for females were also seen within each of the major histologic groupings. Thus, the higher elevated risk of lung cancer currently observed in other studies for female ever smokers compared with male ever smokers, while possibly attributable in part to greater smoking cessation among males, may be due to higher susceptibility among females.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study.

Risk of breast cancer was examined in relation to intake of dietary fiber and vitamins A, C, and E, and food groups which are sources of these dietary constituents, in a cohort of 56,837 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Between 1982 and 1987, 519 incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer were identified among women who previously had completed self-administered dietary questionnaires. Their nutrient and food intake was compared with that of 1,182 women who had not developed breast cancer during the follow-up period. Women at the uppermost quintile level of dietary fiber intake had a 30 percent reduction in risk of breast cancer relative to that for women at the lowest quintile level (adjusted odds ratio = 0.68, 95 percent confidence interval = 0.46-1.00), and the reduction in risk persisted after adjustment (separately) for total vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and alpha-tocopherol. Inverse associations of similar magnitude were observed in association with consumption of pasta, cereals (the trend for which was statistically significant), and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C. Smaller, statistically nonsignificant reductions in risk were observed with increasing intake of dietary retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C, but the magnitude of these associations was reduced after adjustment for other dietary factors. Vitamin E intake was not associated with altered risk of breast cancer.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1992

A competitive inhibitor of phospholipase A2 decreases surfactant phosphatidylcholine degradation by the rat lung.

We have shown previously that radiolabelled phosphatidylcholine (PC) in liposomes or natural surfactant is removed from the alveolar space and metabolically recycled in a process that is stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). In this study, we evaluated the effect of a transition-state phospholipid analogue (MJ33; 1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol) that competitively inhibited acidic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (pH 4.0) of lung homogenate by more than 97%, but had no effect on PLA2 activity at pH 8.5. MJ33 incorporated into unilamellar liposomes (dipalmitoyl PC/egg PC/cholesterol/phosphatidylglycerol, molar proportions 10:5:3:2) or co-sonicated with biosynthesized natural surfactant was instilled into the trachea of the anaesthetized rat; lungs were then removed for 2 h perfusion in the absence or presence of 0.1 mM-8-bromo cAMP. Total uptake for phospholipid was unchanged in the presence of the inhibitor MJ33. Degradation of labelled PC during 2 h perfusion in the absence of MJ33 was approx. 26% of that instilled for choline-labelled liposomal PC, 16% for liposomal PC labelled in the second fatty-acyl position, and 33% for choline-labelled natural surfactant. Degradation of PC was decreased by approx. 25-40% for each substrate in the presence of MJ33. Inhibition of lipid degradation depended on the mole fraction of MJ33 in the liposomes and was maximal at 1 mol%. These studies demonstrate a significant role for acidic Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 in the degradation of internalized alveolar PC, but further indicate that this enzyme accounts for a minor fraction of total lung PC metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Predisposition to and late onset of upper airway obstruction following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy.

Angioedema of the face and neck is a rare but potentially fatal complication of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use. We retrospectively reviewed five cases of ACEI angioedema seen at our institution over the past 2 1/2 years. Four of the cases occurred with enalapril and one with lisinopril. Onset of symptoms varied from two days to ten months. Importantly, three of the five patients had been receiving medication three months or longer, suggesting clinicians must consider this complication during long-term administration of these agents. Three of the five patients were markedly obese, had a history of previous face and neck surgery, or had been intubated in the past. Thus, we propose that previous manipulation or trauma of the upper airway, perhaps resulting in airway narrowing, may represent a risk factor for upper airway obstruction secondary to ACEI-induced angioedema.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Facilitating practice-based research in clinical nutrition.

This paper presents observations on the main difficulties and areas of concern in doing practice-based research for dietitians in one teaching hospital and suggests strategies that may support practice-based research in clinical nutrition.

Canada↗
PubMed1991

A cohort study of fat intake and risk of breast cancer.

Between 1982 and 1987, 519 newly incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer were identified in a cohort of 56,837 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. These women had completed a dietary questionnaire before the occurrence of their breast cancer, and this has been used to estimate their intake of dietary fat and several other nutrients. There is evidence of a positive association between breast cancer and total fat intake, with a relative risk of 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.82) per 77 g per day, and some evidence of a dose-response relationship (P = .052).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette smoking and cancer of the pancreas: evidence from a population-based case-control study in Toronto, Canada.

Results are reported with respect to smoking data from a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer conducted in Toronto, Canada, between 1983 and 1986. Lifetime smoking histories were obtained for 249 cases and 505 controls. A statistically highly significant positive association was observed between lifetime cigarette consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer. There was a rapid decrease in risk with time for those who quit cigarette smoking, the risk for ex-smokers being the same as for lifetime non-smokers between 10 and 15 years after quitting. Limiting exposure to the 15 years prior to diagnosis considerably strengthens the association and leads to a much more clearly defined dose-response relationship with relative risks of 1.88, 4.61, and 6.52 for tertiles of consumption for current cigarette smokers compared with lifetime non-smokers (p trend less than 10(-5)). We conclude that the current data, together with those from previous studies, strongly support a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of pancreatic cancer, and indicate that cessation of smoking is likely to prove a rapidly effective preventive measure for this major type of cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Coffee and alcohol as determinants of risk of pancreas cancer: a case-control study from Toronto.

Results are reported from a population-based study of 249 cases of pancreas cancer and 505 controls carried out in Toronto, Canada, between 1983 and 1986. Lifetime consumption of coffee and alcohol and medical histories were assessed by personal interviews. No evidence of any association was found with different types of coffee or alcohol after adjusting for smoking, calories and fibre intake. There was a significant increased risk associated with a history of diabetes mellitus within 5 years of cancer development. A protective effect of a history of some allergic conditions, hay fever, eczema and asthma, was observed, although the relative risks were not significant (p value greater than 0.10).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dysplasia and the natural history of cervical cancer: early results of the Toronto Cohort Study.

A sample of 176,808 Pap smears, taken from 70,236 women, was constructed from the records of a large cytopathology laboratory between 1962 and 1981. The prevalence of cervical dysplasia, based on the distribution of initial smear results, rose from 42.7 to 94.9 per 1000 during the study period. The relative risks (RR) for the manifestation of a malignancy (carcinoma in situ or worse) in a subsequent cervical smear were 1.48, 3.42, 20.9 and 71.5 for women with minimal, mild, moderate and severe dysplasia, respectively, compared with the entire cohort. The initial degree of dysplasia for women developing a malignancy was much more likely to be interpreted as moderate (RR = 5.0) or severe (RR = 42.3) than were those for controls. These results are strongly supportive of the hypothesis that the degree of dysplasia is related to the risk of development of cancer of the cervix.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Estimation of stature from foot and shoe measurements by multiplication factors: a revised attempt.

Estimation of stature from foot and shoe measurements using multiplication factors is well known. It is a simple method and it is used very frequently as a ready reckoner in forensic anthropology. However the individual error is quite large. In the present work an attempt has been made to evolve revised multiplication factors to reduce this error so that this method (multiplication factor) can be used more effectively with smaller error.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1991

In Vitro Production of Essential Oil from Proliferating Shoots of Rosmarinus officinalis1.

The 40-day-old IN VITRO proliferating shoots of ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. var. GENUINA forma ERECTUS produced an appreciable quantity of essential oil, i.e., 1.8% fw, which was similar in its constituents to that obtained from 1-year-old plants, whether naturally grown or IN VITRO-raised potted plants. However, the quantity of various constituents identified so far was generally, but marginally, less in the former case than the latter two kinds of 1-year-old plants with the exception of bornyl acetate and 1,8-cineole, the concentrations of which were higher in the proliferated shoots than the plants. The essential oil content of 1-year-old naturally grown plants was 2.4% fw, while it was 2.38% fw in the IN VITRO-raised potted plants of the same age.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Fringed correlation discrimination and binaural detection.

Results are reported from a series of binaural detection and interaural correlation discrimination experiments at 500 Hz. The experiments include fringed correlation discrimination in which the correlation change is restricted to a narrow (38 Hz) target band of frequencies and the reference correlation is maintained in a fringe band of frequencies. This experiment is designed to be analogous to a detection experiment with a narrow-band target; in both cases the correlation changes only inside the target band. A simplified theoretical framework is used to compare the results of the detection and correlation discrimination experiments. Results are consistent with the notion that binaural detection and interaural correlation discrimination are effected by a common mechanism when the reference correlation is unity (as in the NoS pi case). When the reference correlation is zero (as in the NuSo case), detection performance is significantly better than predicted from the measured ability to discriminate interaural correlation.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: results of a Canadian population-based case-control study.

Dietary information from a case-control study of pancreatic cancer conducted in Metropolitan Toronto between 1983 and 1986 is reported. A total of 249 cases and 505 population-based controls completed quantitative diet histories from which total caloric intake and the intake of a number of nutrients were estimated. A positive association with total caloric intake was observed with a relative risk of 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.18-4.83 (highest versus lowest quartile), due primarily to the intake of carbohydrates. Inverse associations were seen with fibre from fruit, vegetable and cereal sources, with a relative of risk of 0.42, 0.22-0.78 (highest versus lowest quartile), for total fibre intake.

Age Factors↗