Biomedical subjects

M J Strube

Publications and source records attributed to M J Strube.

43 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1985

Relinquishment of control and the type A behavior pattern: the role of performance evaluation.

We investigated the role of information processing in the control relinquishment decisions of Type As and Bs. Pairs of subjects worked independently on a task and received feedback indicating that their partner had performed at a comparable or superior level. On a second task, subjects combined their efforts and made decisions concerning who would work on different parts of that task. One third of the subjects made this decision before completing an evaluation of the initial performances. Another third completed the evaluation without knowing that they would subsequently make a control decision. The final third of the subjects completed their evaluations knowing that a control decision would follow. Results indicated that when the evaluations were completed last, or when the evaluations were completed first but without knowledge of the impending decision, Type As relinquished less control to a superior partner than did Type Bs. When the evaluations were completed with knowledge of an impending control decision, Type As and Bs did not differ in their decisions. These results suggest that under certain conditions, Type As use an automatic or mindless decision style with potentially maladaptive consequences.

Achievement↗

PubMed1985

Self-enhancement, self-assessment, and self-evaluative task choice.

Past research on self-evaluation indicates that there are two contrasting viewpoints concerning the acquisition of self-knowledge. According to the self-assessment view, accurate information is sought, regardless of its implications for self-esteem. According to the self-enhancement view, accurate information is desirable, but only if it also has positive implications for the self. We examined the conditions under which each view provides an adequate description of self-evaluative task choice. We predicted that both individuals with high self-esteem and individuals with low self-esteem but no tendency to use self-protective strategies would choose maximally informative tasks. By contrast, individuals with low self-esteem and a tendency to use self-protective strategies were expected to choose tasks that were maximally self-enhancing. Subjects chose among four forms of a cognitive abilities test that varied in diagnosticity of success and diagnosticity of failure. As expected, subjects with ego-protective tendencies and low self-esteem preferred the test form that was high in diagnosticity of success but low in diagnosticity of failure, whereas subjects with low self-protective tendencies (both high and low self-esteem) preferred the test form high in diagnosticity of both success and failure. Subjects with both high self-esteem and high self-protective tendencies did not exhibit a clear preference between test forms allowing maximal self-assessment and those allowing self-enhancement. The results suggest the importance of considering both diagnosticity and self-esteem protection in the study of self-evaluation.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Guide for the interpretation of one-way analysis of variance.

In summary, one-way ANOVA for independent groups is used to test whether the group means for a specific dependent variable differ significantly after exposing each group to a unique level of a single factor or independent variable. You may recognize the preceding sentence. We hope it makes more sense to you now than when you first read it at the beginning of this article.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1984

Interpersonal aggression and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern: a theoretical distinction and practical implications.

Past research suggests that Type As are more aggressive than Type Bs. However, little is known about the nature of that aggression. The present two studies investigated the theoretical distinction between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression and examined the practical implications of this distinction. Study 1 used a modified version of the Buss teacher-learner procedure that allowed the isolation of hostile from instrumental acts. Results indicated that a prior task frustration produced greater aggression by Type As than Type Bs but only under conditions where the aggressive act could not affect a confederate's immediate performance (i.e., hostile aggression). Study 2 examined the representation of Type As and Type Bs among perpetrators of intrafamily violence. Results indicated that Type As were more likely than Type Bs to exhibit the extreme hostility found in child abuse. Both studies suggest that a lack of control may underlie the greater aggression displayed by Type As than Type Bs.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Type A and type B attentional responses to aesthetic stimuli: effects on mood and performance.

Recent investigations of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern have found that Type A's focus their attention on a central task and actively inhibit attention to peripheral distracting stimuli. This attentional difference has resulted in greater performance for Type A's than for Type B's. However, research on aesthetic stimuli suggests that the focused attention of Type A's may not always be adaptive for solving frustrating cognitive tasks, particularly when paying attention to a peripheral stimulus could enhance performance by reducing negative emotions. Simple, predictable, aesthetic stimuli can have a soothing effect, which reduces negative emotions and enhances performance. The present study found that Type B's had improved affect and performance from attending to a soothing peripheral stimulus (simplex melodies) while working on a frustrating cognitive task. Neither the performance nor the affect of Type A's was influenced by the simplex music, because they apparently suppressed paying attention to these melodies.

Achievement↗

PubMed1982

A critical appraisal of meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis is an increasingly popular, objective method for summarizing a body of empirical findings. The standard meta-analysis package consists of methods for estimating the combined probability and average effect size for a set of studies, the stability of these results, and the factors associated with differential treatment outcomes. While meta-analysis is a powerful analytic technique, the procedure has limitations that should be carefully evaluated when it is applied to the psychotherapy--or any other--literature. These limitations include biased selection of studies; reporting inaccuracies, poor quality data, various sources of invalidity (conceptual, methodological, and statistical), and lack of independence in the studies reviewed; and variability in outcome produced by the meta-analytic techniques employed. Despite these potential problems, the advantages of meta-analysis are so substantial that the techniques deserve routine use as an aid to summarizing treatment literatures.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a distance-based interval throwing program for Little League-aged athletes.

We developed a distance-based interval throwing program for Little League-aged athletes (9 to 12 years) to be used in training and rehabilitation. The timing and repetition parameters were developed from data collected during 400 innings of organized baseball during a single season, and short toss distance from Little League rules for field dimensions. There were 1022 boys from organized baseball teams in the four studies. Maximal distance and speed measurements were recorded for 853 boys. We developed a mathematical model from these data to predict maximal throwing distance from maximal throwing speed. This model was then tested on a second sample of 114 players. We compared the predicted distance with the actual maximal throwing distance; the correlation coefficient was 0.92. Forty players aged 9 to 12 participated in a study to assess degradation of speed and distance. The average variability of the speed was small (< 5 mph), but the variability in distance was large (22.4 feet). Fifteen boys then threw the entire throwing program as designed. These results show that healthy young athletes can be expected to be able to throw the predicted value of this practical progressive interval throwing program for Little League-aged athletes. The appropriate program can be assigned from age and known preinjury pitch speed.

Adolescent↗