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Biomedical subjects

M J Shea

Publications and source records attributed to M J Shea.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of epinephrine during CPR in a canine model.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Epinephrine improves coronary perfusion pressure during CPR. However, administration of epinephrine during CPR may be delayed or omitted if IV or endotracheal access is not established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if intranasal administration of epinephrine during CPR would provide an alternate route of drug administration that is readily accessible and requires no special technical skills. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized blinded study performed in a controlled laboratory environment. TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS: Twenty mongrel dogs weighing 19.5 +/- 4.6 kg. INTERVENTIONS: All dogs received either IV epinephrine 0.015 mg/kg or intranasal epinephrine 14 mg per nostril. Phentolamine (5 mg per nostril) was administered intranasally one minute before nasal administration of epinephrine to improve absorption. Each dog underwent three minutes of ventricular fibrillation followed by seven minutes of CPR with a pneumatic chest compression device. Epinephrine was administered at two minutes into CPR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seven dogs were excluded because of inadequate baseline coronary perfusion pressure or compression device displacement, leaving a total of 13 dogs for analysis (six IV epinephrine, seven intranasal epinephrine). Baseline coronary perfusion pressure (mean +/- SD) was similar for IV epinephrine and intranasal epinephrine (16.9 +/- 7.1 mm Hg versus 18.2 +/- 13.8 mm Hg, respectively, P = .84). For IV and intranasal epinephrine, coronary perfusion pressure increased to 21.4 +/- 9.2 mm Hg and 24.4 +/- 18.7 mm Hg one minute after epinephrine, respectively (P = .73). Five minutes after epinephrine coronary perfusion pressure was 18.2 +/- 8.7 mm Hg and 24.3 +/- 13.9 mm Hg for IV epinephrine and intranasal epinephrine, respectively (P = .38). The rate of successful resuscitation was similar for both groups, five of seven dogs for intranasal epinephrine and four of six dogs for IV epinephrine (P = .66). CONCLUSION: Intranasal epinephrine has similar effects on coronary perfusion pressure and resuscitation compared with standard-dose IV epinephrine. Therefore, the nasal route for administration of epinephrine appears to be an acceptable alternate method of drug delivery during CPR and compares favorably with standard IV therapy in the canine model. Because of the obvious benefits to human patients, these observations suggest further investigation.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1991

Bradycardic responses to vagally mediated bedside maneuvers in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: To determine the relative potency in healthy individuals of the vagally mediated reflexes used clinically to inhibit sinoatrial and atrioventricular node function. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers with no history of heart disease performed face immersion in cold water and the Valsalva maneuver twice, to maximum endurance and to the subjective point of first discomfort, and face immersion in warm water and the Müller maneuver to maximum endurance only. Right and left carotid massage and left, right, and bilateral eyeball compression were each performed for 15 seconds. Change in heart rate was taken as baseline minus the rate over the slowest three consecutive QRS cycles elicited by each maneuver. Fisher's least-significant-difference multiple comparison procedure was used to analyze heart rate responses. Significance was defined as p less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS: Maximum pulse decrements from baseline and 95% confidence intervals in beats/minute were as follows: cold-water face immersion to maximum endurance 15.5 (12.3 to 18.5), cold-water face immersion to first discomfort 10.1 (6.7 to 13.1), Valsalva maneuver to maximum endurance 9.2 (6.3 to 12.4), Valsalva maneuver to first discomfort 8.3 (5.0 to 11.3), right carotid massage 7.3 (4.3 to 10.3), left carotid massage 5.2 (2.3 to 8.4), right eyeball compression 6.0 (3.1 to 9.2), left eyeball compression 6.6 (3.6 to 9.5), bilateral eyeball compression 6.0 (3.1 to 9.2), warm-water face immersion 7.0 (3.2 to 9.8), and Müller maneuver 1.6 (-1.3 to 4.9). Bradycardia was significantly greater for cold-water immersion of the face performed to maximum endurance than for all other maneuvers. CONCLUSION: In healthy subjects, the diving reflex is the most potent of the vagally mediated reflexes utilized in clinical practice. Immersion of the face in cold water may prove effective at the bedside when other maneuvers fail to augment vagal tone adequately.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Proteins that bind to Drosophila chorion cis-regulatory elements: a new C2H2 zinc finger protein and a C2C2 steroid receptor-like component.

Gel mobility-shift assays have been used to identify proteins that bind specifically to the promoter region of the Drosophila s15 chorion gene. These proteins are present in nuclear extracts of ovarian follicles, the tissue where s15 is expressed during development, and bind to specific elements of the promoter that have been shown by transformation analysis to be important for in vivo expression. The DNA binding specificity has been used for molecular cloning of two components from expression cDNA libraries and for their tentative identification with specific DNA-binding proteins of the nuclear extracts. The mRNAs for both of these components, CF1 and CF2, are differentially enriched in the follicles. DNA sequence analysis suggests that both CF1 and CF2 are novel Drosophila transcription factors. CF2 is a member of the C2H2 family of zinc finger proteins, whereas CF1 is a member of the family of steroid hormone receptors. The putative DNA-binding domain of CF1 is highly similar to the corresponding domains of certain vertebrate hormone receptors and recognizes a region of DNA with similar, hyphenated palindromic sequences. The nature of CF1 raises the possibility of hormonal control of choriogenesis in Drosophila.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Current concepts of silent myocardial ischemia.

The definition, pathogenesis, incidence and characteristics, detection, treatment, and prognosis of silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) are reviewed. SMI is the occurrence of myocardial ischemia for which there is objective evidence (electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes) but no angina. Patients with SMI are classified as type 1 (completely asymptomatic), type 2 (SMI after myocardial infarction), and type 3 (both symptomatic and silent ischemia). Episodes of SMI are true ischemic events. The absence of pain may be due to defects in pain perception, an altered physiological response to ischemia, or a lesser degree of ischemia. The incidence of SMI is 2-5% in totally asymptomatic patients, 20-30% in patients who have suffered myocardial infarction, and 44-84% in patients who have symptomatic ischemia. SMI can be detected by exercise testing, portable electrocardiographic monitoring, or imaging techniques. Patients with SMI have more frequent adverse cardiac events (except death) than patients without SMI. The frequency of adverse cardiac events is similar in patients with angina and patients with SMI. SMI has been treated with nitrates, calcium-channel blockers, and beta blockers. Beta blockers appear to be the most consistent in reducing the number and duration of episodes. Combination therapy with beta blockers and nifedipine may be more effective than therapy with either agent alone. Because of the limited number of studies and the possible contribution to the results of spontaneous variability in the occurrence of SMI, no definite conclusions can be drawn about drug efficacy. There is no evidence that the prognosis of patients with SMI is altered by drug therapy; routine treatment with anti-ischemic drugs cannot be recommended. Patients must be evaluated individually, with aggressive management being reserved for those at high risk for myocardial infarction or other serious cardiac events.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1988

A randomized controlled trial of hospital discharge three days after myocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion.

To evaluate the feasibility and cost savings of hospital discharge three days after acute myocardial infarction, we screened 507 consecutive patients prospectively for clinical complications and exercise-test performance. Of 179 patients whose condition was classified as uncomplicated (no angina, heart failure, or arrhythmia 72 hours after admission), 126 underwent early exercise testing and 90 had no provocable myocardial ischemia. Eighty of these patients were randomly assigned to early (day 3) or conventional (days 7 to 10) hospital discharge. Seventy-six of them had received coronary reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis, angioplasty, or both). At six months of follow-up, there were no deaths or new ventricular aneurysms, and the early-discharge and conventional-discharge groups had similar numbers of hospital readmissions (6 and 10), reinfarctions (none and 5), and patients with angina (3 and 8). In the early-discharge group, 25 of 29 previously employed patients returned to work 40.7 +/- 21.9 days (mean +/- SD) after admission, as compared with 25 of 27 patients in the conventional-discharge group, who returned to work after a mean of 56.9 +/- 30.3 days (P = 0.054). The mean cumulative hospital and professional charges were $12,546 +/- 3,034 in the early-discharge group, as compared with $17,868 +/- 3,688 in the conventional-discharge group (P less than 0.0001). In carefully selected patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction, hospital discharge after three days is feasible and leads to a substantial reduction in hospital charges. Before this strategy can be widely recommended, however, its safety must be confirmed in larger prospective clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Sustained limitation by superoxide dismutase of canine myocardial injury due to regional ischemia followed by reperfusion.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide anions, on leukocyte accumulation and myocardial injury in a canine preparation of myocardial infarction. Dogs underwent occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery for 90 min, followed by a reperfusion for 6 or 24 h. The dogs received either saline or superoxide dismutase (5 mg/kg), beginning 15 min before coronary occlusion and ending 15 min after coronary reflow. Myocardial infarct size, expressed as a percentage of the area at risk, was significantly less in superoxide-dismutase-treated dogs that underwent reperfusion for 6 h, 17.5 +/- 1.7, or 24 h, 25.8 +/- 3.6, compared to saline-treated dogs that underwent reperfusion for 6 h, 42.7 +/- 4.4 (p less than 0.05), or 24 h, 53.0 +/- 6.1 (p less than 0.05). The differences in infarct size were not due to differences in myocardial oxygen demand. Superoxide dismutase had no effect on regional myocardial perfusion of the ischemic bed. Accumulation of 111indium (In)-labeled autologous leukocytes within the area at risk was similar in control and superoxide-dismutase-treated dogs (p greater than 0.05). The results suggest that oxygen radicals play a role in the extent of injury due to regional myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion, and the protective effect of free radical scavengers may be sustained beyond the expected plasma half-life of the administered agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Protection of reperfused ischemic canine myocardium by CI-922, a new inhibitor of leukocyte activation.

There is increasing evidence that activated neutrophils cause myocardial injury during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. This study was performed to assess the effect of Ci-922, an inhibitor of neutrophil activation, in a canine preparation of myocardial infarction. Dogs received 15-min infusions of CI-922 1 mg/kg or 5% dextrose beginning 30 min before occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. After occlusion for 90 min and reperfusion for 6 h, infarct size was determined by ex vivo perfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The percentage of the area at risk infarcted was: control, 42 +/- 5; and CI-922, 23 +/- 4 (p less than 0.05 vs. control). There were no significant inter-group differences in heart rate or mean arterial pressure, and CI-922 did not enhance collateral blood flow to the ischemic bed. After incubation with CI-922 (100 microM), production of superoxide anions by canine neutrophils activated by opsonized zymosam decreased from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 2.0 +/- 0.4 nmol/10 min/10(6) cells (p less than 0.05). Thus, inhibition of neutrophil-mediated damage may explain the cardioprotective effect of CI-922.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Exercise testing three days after onset of acute myocardial infarction.

To determine the feasibility and predictive value of early exercise testing 72 hours after acute myocardial infarction, 109 consecutive patients who received reperfusion therapy were prospectively evaluated. In the group studied, in 87 (80%) the course was uncomplicated 3 days after admission, as defined by a lack of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and angina, and 53 patients (49%) performed heart rate-limited (140 beats/min) treadmill exercise. These patients exercised for 7.9 +/- 3.4 minutes, achieving a heart rate of 129 +/- 11 beats/min and a systolic blood pressure of 151 +/- 27 mm Hg. The exercise test was not accompanied by any protracted ischemia, infarction or significant arrhythmias. Accompanying tomographic thallium-201 scintigraphy demonstrated a reversible perfusion defect in 14 patients (26%), no evidence for ischemia in 36 patients (69%) and an equivocal result in 3 patients (6%). Of the 14 patients with a positive exercise-thallium test result, 4 had an adverse clinical outcome of either reinfarction, postinfarction angina or ventricular tachycardia during hospital days 4 to 10; an adverse in-hospital outcome was not seen in the 40 patients with a negative exercise-thallium test result (p = 0.009). Thus, early exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction is safe in selected patients with an uncomplicated course and the test is predictive of in-hospital clinical outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia following cold provocation.

Cold is thought to provoke angina in patients with coronary disease either by an increase in myocardial demand or an increase in coronary vascular resistance. We investigated and compared the effects of cold pressor stimulation and symptom-limited supine bicycle exercise on regional myocardial perfusion in 35 patients with stable angina and coronary disease and in 10 normal subjects. Regional myocardial perfusion was assessed with positron emission tomography and rubidium-82. Following cold pressor stimulation 24 of 35 patients demonstrated significant abnormalities of regional myocardial perfusion with reduced cation uptake in affected regions of myocardium: 52 +/- 9 to 43 +/- 9 (p less than 0.001 vs normal subjects). Among these 24 patients only nine developed ST depression and only seven had angina. In contrast, 29 of 35 patients underwent supine exercise, and abnormal regional myocardial perfusion occurred in all 29, with a reduction in cation intake from 48 +/- 10 to 43 +/- 14 (p less than 0.001 vs normal subjects). Angina was present in 27 of 29 and ST depression in 25 of 29. Although the absolute decrease in cation uptake was somewhat greater following cold as opposed to exercise, the peak heart rate after cold was significantly lower than that after exercise (82 +/- 12 vs 108 +/- 16 bpm, p less than 0.05). Peak systolic blood pressures after cold and exercise were similar (159 +/- 24 vs 158 +/- 28). Thus, cold produces much more frequent asymptomatic disturbances of regional myocardial perfusion in patients with stable angina and coronary disease than is suggested by pain or ECG changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Silent myocardial ischemia during mastication.

Ambulatory outpatient monitoring of patients with angina suggests a different view of myocardial ischemia than is conventionally obtained from in-hospital tests. Multiple episodes of ST segment depression occur, and the majority of these disturbances are not associated with symptoms. Recently, studies of regional myocardial perfusion using the technique of positron emission tomography with rubidium 82 have confirmed the ischemic nature of these silent ST changes. Furthermore, activities of everyday life such as mental stress or cold exposure seem to provoke both symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemia, as judged by ST depression and reduced cation uptake. This report presents an unusual case of silent myocardial ischemia observed during the chewing of food.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Superoxide dismutase does not cause scar thinning after myocardial infarction.

Previous studies demonstrated that treatment with superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide anions, limits the extent of myocardial injury in a canine preparation of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Little is known, however, about the effects of superoxide dismutase on the healing of a myocardial infarct. Therefore, this study was performed to determine whether treatment with superoxide dismutase during myocardial ischemia impairs formation of scar tissue after infarction. Dogs received 2 hour infusions of superoxide dismutase or albumin (controls) by way of the left atrium beginning 15 minutes before and ending 15 minutes after a 90 minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. Six weeks later the animals were killed. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed before surgery and before induced death. Wall thickening in the central ischemic zone was decreased at 6 weeks compared with baseline studies (p less than 0.05), but the decrease was similar for both groups. The hydroxyproline concentrations (microgram/mg dry weight) of the scar tissue in the superoxide dismutase and control groups, respectively, were 35.3 +/- 3.8 and 28.7 +/- 5.0 (p less than 0.05). The ratios of the scar thickness to normal wall thickness were superoxide dismutase 0.91 +/- 0.03 and control 0.89 +/- 0.03 (p greater than 0.05). Thus, superoxide dismutase had no adverse effect on wall thickening or scar formation assessed 6 weeks after myocardial infarction, and may be useful to limit oxygen radical-mediated damage during reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Use of short- and long-lived rubidium tracers for the study of transient ischemia.

Positron emission tomography (PET) with rubidium-82 (82Rb) has been developed to measure regional myocardial perfusion and to detect transient ischemia both in the experimental laboratory and in humans. There are known and separate contaminating effects of the 82Rb signal by disturbances in wall motion, wall thinning, and the partial volume effect that occur during transient ischemia. In nine anesthetized greyhounds, PET with 82Rb (T1/2 = 78 sec) was used to determine the regional myocardial uptake of this cation during a control period that consisted of a mild stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the absence of ischemia (to limit reactive hyperemia), during 10 min of total occlusion and, finally, at 30 and 60 min of recovery with release of the occlusion but not of the stenosis. Separately, rubidium-81 (81Rb); T1/2 = 4.58 hr) was given as a peripheral intravenous injection 2 hr before the study to allow this long-lived tracer to distribute in the potassium space of the myocardium. Observations during control and ischemia revealed marked decreases in 82Rb uptake (0.84 +/- 0.12 to 0.28 +/- 0.12, p = 0.001) in affected regions and were paralleled by similar decreases in microsphere blood flow (0.88 +/- 0.08 to 0.12 +/- 0.10 ml/min/g, p = 0.003), which gradually recovered by 60 min postischemia. Lesser decreases in 81Rb activity (0.84 +/- 0.11 to 0.76 +/- 0.17, p = 0.83) were observed in the same regions during ischemia, but these were immediately reversible. Separate in vitro postmortem experiments in eight rabbits confirmed a linear relationship between plasma and myocardial activities of stable potassium and 81Rb although there was a greater concentration of 81Rb in the myocardium that in the plasma relative to potassium (y = -3.29 +/- 0.79 x, s.e.e. 1.91, r = 0.95). These studies demonstrate that if 81Rb is given intravenously to distribute into the potassium pool, tomograms of the heart may be recorded to measure the potassium-rich mass of myocardium providing information about the acute effects of wall thinning during ischemia. Rubidium-81 used in this way may be helpful in assessing the effects of wall thinning and/or scar when other tracers are being used to assess perfusion or metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Direct effects of smoking on the heart: silent ischemic disturbances of coronary flow.

Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with ischemic heart disease and acute coronary events. The effect of smoking a single cigarette on regional myocardial perfusion was studied in 13 chronic smokers with typical stable angina pectoris using positron emission tomography and rubidium-82 (82Rb). Findings were compared with the effects of physical exercise. After exercise, 8 patients (61%) had angina, ST depression and abnormal regional myocardial perfusion. Uptake of 82Rb increased from 49 +/- 8 to 60 +/- 7 in remote myocardium, but decreased from 46 +/- 3 to 37 +/- 5 in an ischemic area. The remaining 5 patients (39%) had homogeneous increases in 82Rb uptake without angina or ST depression. After smoking, 6 of the 8 patients with positive exercise test responses had a decrease in 82Rb uptake, from 47 +/- 3 to 35 +/- 6 in the same segment of myocardium affected during exercise. However, in contrast to exercise, the events during smoking were largely silent. The absolute decreases in regional 82Rb uptake after smoking occurred at significantly lower levels of myocardial oxygen demand than after exercise. This suggests that an impairment of coronary blood supply is responsible. Thus, in smokers with coronary artery disease, each cigarette can cause profound silent disturbances of regional myocardial perfusion that are likely to occur frequently during daily life. Such repeated insults may represent an important mechanism linking smoking with coronary events.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Regional myocardial and organ blood flow after myocardial infarction: application of the microsphere principle in man.

A physiologic means of measuring the distribution of cardiac output and regional myocardial blood flow has been developed that uses human albumin microspheres labeled with carbon-11 (11C) and external detection with positron emission tomography. Ten patients with previous myocardial infarction were studied to investigate the level of blood flow in normal and infarcted segments of the heart. After diagnostic catheterization, 4 to 6 mCi of 11C on 2 to 3 million sterile microspheres (15 to 20 micron) were mixed and injected into the apex of the left ventricle during timed withdrawal of arterial blood to obtain reference flow values. Regional activity in brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys was measured tomographically. Blood flow was calculated based on the relationship between total activity in a reference flow and tissue activity in tomograms of each organ (ml/min/100 g). No adverse effects were noted after injection of the microspheres. Successive myocardial tomograms showed no loss of activity. There were no significant differences in flow values in matched regions of paired organs. Mean cerebral flow was 52.4 +/- 10.0 ml/min/100 g in the frontal lobes, 54.4 +/- 8.8 in the temporal lobes, 67.6 +/- 8.2 in the occipital lobes, and 53.0 +/- 9.4 in the basal ganglia. Flow was 16.0 +/- 8.4 ml/min/100 g (range 0 to 40.0) in the center of infarcted myocardium and 82.0 +/- 32.0 in the remote segments. This method meets most of the demands for use of microspheres to measure tissue blood flow. The wide range of flow values in infarcted myocardium may be a function of infarct size, spatial resolution, or pathologic evidence of islands of viable tissue. Patients with angina had high flow values in the infarcted segment, whereas those with heart failure had significantly lower values. Surviving myocardium in the region of the infarct may need to be considered if patients complain of angina, particularly when treatment is aimed at preserving ventricular function.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reduction of the size of infarction by allopurinol in the ischemic-reperfused canine heart.

This study was performed to assess the effect of allopurinol in a canine preparation of myocardial infarction. Dogs underwent occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery for 90 min, followed by reperfusion for 6 hr. Three groups were studied: (1) control, (2) dogs receiving 25 mg/kg allopurinol 18 hr before occlusion and 50 mg/kg 5 min before occlusion, and (3) dogs receiving allopurinol as above plus 5 mg/kg superoxide dismutase over 1 hr beginning 15 min before reperfusion. Infarct size expressed as a percentage of the area at risk was 40 +/- 4 in the control group, 22 +/- 5 in the allopurinol group (p less than .05 vs control), and 17 +/- 4 in the allopurinol plus superoxide dismutase group (p less than .05 vs control). The differences in infarct size were not due to differences in myocardial oxygen supply or demand. Neutrophil superoxide anion production was not altered by allopurinol treatment. The results suggest that myocardial xanthine oxidase may generate oxygen radicals that play a role in myocardial injury due to ischemia and reperfusion.

Allopurinol↗