The effect of storage temperature on fogging of two types of intra-oral dental X-ray film.
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Temperature↗
Biomedical subjects
M J Harris
Publications and source records attributed to M J Harris.
Hemifacial deficiency induced by a shift in dominance of the mouse mutation far: a possible genetic model for hemifacial microsomia.
Hemifacial deficiency appeared in 10% of juvenile mice when BALB/cGaBc mice carrying the recessive lethal mutation far were crossed with ICR/Bc. The hemifacial deficiency increased to 15-20% after one backcross to ICR/Bc and then remained at that level for 11 additional generations of backcrossing of far into ICR/Bc. Neither the ICR/Bc strain nor BALB/cGaBc (+/far) produces hemifacial deficiency. Genetic and anatomical studies of adults and fetuses showed that the hemifacial deficiency was due to +/far in the ICR/Bc strain genome; that is, far becomes an incomplete dominant in the ICR/Bc strain background. The hemifacial deficiency (38% of +/far) is probably caused by premature synostosis of the maxilla and premaxilla, observable on day 16 of gestation. An additional 20% of +/far in ICR/Bc have cleft palate and die at birth. Most +/far in both strains have a hidden anomaly, bilateral splitting of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. far/far homozygotes of both strain backgrounds have a syndrome of severe bilateral deficiency of the derivatives of the maxillary prominence. In human pedigrees, where the equivalents of the dominance modifiers in BALB/cGaBc and ICR/Bc would segregate within families, it would be difficult to recognize that sporadic hemifacial deficiency and severe bilateral maxillary deficiency were due to the same gene. We suggest that human bilateral and unilateral abnormalities of tissue derived from the first branchial arch should be analyzed with the awareness that, in mice, at least, the two kinds of syndrome are due to the same mutant gene.
Animals↗
Geometric alterations produced by encircling scleral buckles. Biometric and clinical considerations.
The geometric alterations induced in the human globe by the application of an encircling scleral buckle using an in vitro model are described. Both a thin, solid silicone band, and a thicker, oval element produces an encircling buckling effect of predictable height and width. With thin elements, height and width are a linear function of horizontal shortening of the band. A scleral buckle produced by horizontal shortening, irrespective of exoplant material, results in axial lengthening. In contrast, the scleral buckling effect produced by mattress suture invagination of oval or round thicker silicone exoplants results in axial shortening, provided there is no concomitant horizontal shortening. The amount of axial shortening can be increased by using two sutures per quadrant. Since axial lengthening is associated with the potential undesirable complication of radial retinal and scleral folds, and axial shortening is not, buckles created by invagination of broad encircling elements may have certain theoretical advantages.
Air↗
Counselor and client personality as determinants of counselor expectancy effects.
Seventy-eight students enrolled in summer-session college courses were randomly assigned to serve either as counselors or as clients for a 20-min, role-played peer counseling session. All of the subjects completed a battery of standardized personality measures. Each counselor interacted with two clients. Prior to the sessions, the counselor was led to believe that one of the clients was especially introverted and that the other client was especially extraverted. Dependent measures were based on clients' change scores on a mood adjective rating scale administered before and after the peer counseling sessions. Analyses showed that counselors who were more successful at biasing their clients in the direction of their expectancies (a) scored higher on measures of Dogmatism, Nurturance, and Social Recognition, (b) scored lower on Impulsivity, and (c) were more likely to be women. Clients who were more susceptible to counselor bias scored higher on the Self-Monitoring Scale, the Self-Monitoring Other-Directedness subscale, and Social Recognition. These results are discussed in light of previous research and their implications for research on interpersonal expectancy effects.
Adolescent↗
The Occurrence of Abscisic Acid and Abscisyl-beta-d-Glucopyranoside in Developing and Mature Citrus Fruit as Determined by Enzyme Immunoassay.
The contents of (+)-cis-abscisic acid (ABA) and alkaline-hydrolyzable ABA-conjugate(s) were analyzed by means of enzyme immunoassay in partially purified extracts of developing and mature sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck cv Washington navel). A relatively small increase in ABA was observed in the fruit exocarp during the natural color transition from green to orange. At the same time, the ABA-conjugate level increased approximately 12-fold in this tissue. The contents of ABA and ABA-conjugate equaled 15.0 +/- 0.7 and 107.8 +/- 2.1 nanomoles per gram fresh weight, respectively, in the exocarp at harvest. Other tissues also contained considerable quantities of these compounds. Whereas the highest ABA content was observed in the exocarp, the highest ABA-conjugate content was observed in the central vascular axis of the fruit and equaled 187.0 +/- 10.3 nanomoles per gram fresh weight. The only immunoreactive conjugate found in significant quantity in mature fruit was identified as abscisyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (ABA-GE) based on (a) immunological cross-reactivity, (b) thin layer chromatography co-chromatography with authentic standards in two solvent systems, (c) susceptibility to both chemical and enzymic degradation, and (d) mass spectroscopy.
Journal Article↗
Levels of Free and Conjugated Abscisic Acid in Developing Floral Organs of the Navel Orange (Citrus sinensi [L.] Osbeck cv Washington).
The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and alkaline-hydrolyzable ABA-conjugate (putatively identified as the glucosyl ester, abscisyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside) were determined by enzyme immunoassay in the organs of developing navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck cv Washington) flowers. Although both compounds were detected in every tissue, developmentally related differences between organs in the total and relative contents were observed. The highest ABA levels were observed in the stigma/style shortly after anthesis (11.5 +/- 0.6 nanomoles ABA per gram fresh weight and 4.8 +/- 0.6 nanomoles ABA-conjugate per gram fresh weight); whereas, the highest ABA-conjugate levels were observed at the same time in the floral disc (hypogynous disc plus calyx; 3.5 +/- 0.1 nmol nanomols ABA per gram fresh weight and 11.8 +/- 0.9 nanomoles ABA-conjugate per gram fresh weight). These results suggest that differences in ABA content reflect tissue-specific variation in the facility for ABA conjugation. Increased ABA levels were observed in the stigma/style near anthesis; however, a relationship with pollination is discounted, since ;Washington' navel orange flowers are male sterile and devoid of pollen.
Journal Article↗
On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity.
The present research employs a variety of methods to examine social acuity, the ability and inclination to perceive the psychological state of others and act accordingly. Sources of data include three self-report inventories (Self-Monitoring, Attributional Complexity, and Empathy), a direct measure of perceptual performance (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), and comprehensive Q-sort descriptions of personality provided by subjects peers and by the subjects themselves. The four measures of social acuity were found to be coherently interrelated; Self-Monitoring and Empathy were related to each other particularly closely. Examination of the Q-sort correlates, from both self-reports and peers' judgments, yielded an improved conceptual understanding of social acuity and demonstrated the close relationship between these measure and interpersonal effectiveness. The results are discussed in terms of the construct validity of social acuity and the usefulness of multiple methods and approaches in assessing personality.
Adult↗
Aneuploidy in the embryonic progeny of females heterozygous for the Robertsonian chromosome (9.12) in genetically wild Peru-Coppock mice (Mus musculus).
The spontaneous appearance of a Robertsonian translocation in a laboratory colony of genetically wild Peru-Coppock mice gave the opportunity to study potential meiotic nondisjunction soon after the formation of the new chromosome and also in a hitherto untested combination of genotype and environment Metaphase II scores from the progenitor male had indicated a nondisjunction rate of approximately 10%, a figure that was confirmed by the finding of an estimated 12-16% total trisomic and probable monosomic zygotes in chromosomal studies of Day 9 embryos from heterozygous females. The chromosome studies also showed the presence of a significant excess of normal embryos that were heterozygous for the Robertsonian chromosome.
Aneuploidy↗
Eyelid development and fusion induced by cortisone treatment in mutant, lidgap-Miller, foetal mice. A scanning electron microscope study.
In normal mice the eyelids grow across the eye and fuse together during days 15 and 16 of gestation, and the mice are born with their eyes closed. In mutant lgMl)/lgMl) (lidgap-Miller) foetuses this growth and fusion does not occur and the mice are born with their eyes open. A single prenatal treatment with cortisone on day 14 of gestation masks the genetic defect, and the mice are born with their eyes closed. In the present study, a scanning electron microscope was used to investigate: whether eyelid closure in cortisone-treated lgMl/lgMl foetuses differs from that in normal foetuses of the CBA/J and ICR/Ml strains and, if so, how; and off developing eyelids of untreated lgMl/lgMl foetuses differ from normal. The induced closure differs from normal. During their growth, eyelids of treated mutant foetuses have a deficiency of rounded periderm cells at their margins; the margin cells agglomerate and flatten prematurely. In closed eyes of treated mutants there is a gap between periderm cells of the upper and lower eyelids along part of the fusion line. Fusion is completed late, during day 17. Maturation of the head periderm is advanced in treated lgMl/lgMl foetuses on day 16, relative to normal CBA/J and untreated lgMl/lgMl foetuses. Untreated lgMl/lgMl foetuses differ from normal in that the eyelids never cover the eye and lack rounded periderm cells at their perimeter. The periderm cells present form a flattened band along the eyelid margin rather than, as in normal eyelids, along the fusion line. The results of the cortisone study suggest that the route to eyelid closure in mice may not be narrowly canalized either in cell morphology or number, or in timing, and that closed eyes may be achieved after cortisone treatment in lgMl/lgMl foetuses as part of an induced maturation of the periderm.
Animals↗
Thyroxine-induced differential mortality of cleft lip mouse embryos: dose- and time-response studies of the A/WySn strain.
Pregnant A/WySn mice, 20 to 30% of whose offspring have spontaneous cleft lip, were treated with thyroxine. Following treatment, cleft lip and normal embryos died, but cleft lip embryos died at a higher rate. The increased liability of cleft lip embryos to thyroxine-induced death was considered as a possible experimental route to identify the basic genetic defect that causes cleft lip. A time-response study indicated that cleft lip embryos responded more than normals following treatment on any of days 7 to 12 of gestation, that there is no sharply defined critical period, and that normal and cleft lip embryos do not differ in time of maximum sensitivity. A dose-response study showed linear responses of normal and cleft lip embryos on a probit-log dose scale, with a common slope and LD50's of 1.9 and 1.3 mg respectively. These dose-response properties indicate that normal and cleft lip embryos are probably killed by the same mechanism, but differ in dosage tolerance. That is, they differ quantitatively, not qualitatively. Thyroxine did not significantly change the cleft lip frequency, and the difference between normal and cleft lip embryos that leads to cleft lip itself is therefore not in the same pathway as that which leads to thyroxine-induced death. A hypothetical example of the defect basic to both pathways is presented.
Animals↗
Eccentric visual acuity in patients with macular disease.
A series of cards each containing a two dimensional array of identical Snellen "E's" was used to determine best eccentric visual acuity in patients with macular disease having Snellen visual acuity of 20/70 or worse. Each "full field E" card simultaneously presents the same letter to foveal and parafoveal areas. This test can therefore determine quickly if potentially useful vision is present in any area of the central visual field. In our study of 37 eyes, 70% demonstrated potential visual acuity at least two times better than visual acuity measured by conventional methods, and 20% demonstrated at least a fourfold improvement. This suggests that most patients with macular disease do not spontaneously employ their best remaining area of retina for fixation.
Aging↗
Type A behavior, nonverbal expressive style, and health.
Understanding the precise nature of the links among styles of behavior, emotional expression, and the development of heart disease is a major challenge in psychology and health. In the present research, 60 men at high risk for coronary heart disease were examined in terms of their expressive style, their specific nonverbal cues, their personality, and their health. As assessed by the self-report Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS; Jenkins, Zyzanski, & Rosenman, 1979), half the men were Type A and half were Type B. To provide a more refined grouping, the men were further classified on the basis of scores on the Affective Communication Test (ACT; H. S. Friedman, Prince, Riggio, & DiMatteo, 1980), a self-report measure of nonverbal expressiveness. In the framework of theory and research on nonverbal expressive style, videotapes of the men were extensively rated and coded in terms of their judged appearance, the actual audio and video nonverbal cues emitted, and the words said (transcript). Two groups of Type A individuals were found--one that was repressed, tense, and illness-prone, but another that was healthy, talkative, in control, and charismatic. Furthermore, in addition to the expected healthy Type B men, a subgroup of Type B men was found who were submissive, repressed, tense, have an external locus of control, and may be illness-prone. A refined conception of the Type A behavior pattern is deemed necessary in light of these findings. Implications for improving the validity of the Type A construct and understanding the link between psychosocial factors and disease are discussed.
Adult↗
The care of older children when a sibling is born.
This study into the care of a child when his/her mother is hospitalized has shown that most care is given by the father and the grandparents. However, about 10% of mothers do not feel or recognize their child's need to understand why she is not at home, where she is, nor to visit her in hospital.
Child Care↗
Cortisone cure of the lidgap defect in fetal mice: a dose-response and time-response study.
Cortisone administered during pregnancy prevents the phenotypic expression of lidgap-Miller (lgM1), a genetically determined congenital defect in mice. The dose-response, on a probit log dose scale, is linear to a dose of 60 mg/kg maternal body weight, giving an observed maximum cure of 94% and an ED50(1) of 27 mg/kg. At higher doses the rate of prevention diminishes, to 56% at 320 mg/kg. Fetal (18-day) weight remains unaffected for doses of up to 60 mg/kg and then drops sharply at higher doses, suggesting that cortisone is toxic in this higher range. The severity of lidgap, measured in two ways (as one or both eyes open and as width of gap), decreases as its frequency falls. This finding is in keeping with the threshold model for birth defects. The threshold appears to be in the embryos rather than in their mothers. There is a broad optimum time of treatment: days 13-14 for the 80 mg/kg dose, and days 14-15 for the 30 mg/kg dose. Treatment on day 16 has little or no effect. It is not known how cortisone cures the lidgap trait. The action may be specific--to stimulate transcription of a specific gene, possibly of the lidgap locus itself--or more general, e.g., to alter cell division rate or extracellular matrix constituents.
Animals↗
Reorganization: another view.
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Decision Making↗
Bleomycin treatment of chick fibroblasts causes an increase of polysomal type I procollagen mRNAs. Reversal of the bleomycin effect by dexamethasone.
Bleomycin treatment of primary chick skin fibroblasts and chick lung fibroblasts resulted in a selective dose-dependent increase of cell layer procollagen synthesis. Solid support hybridization of total cellular RNA to 32P-labeled pro-alpha 1(I) and pro-alpha 2(I) cDNAs did not indicate an increase of total cellular procollagen type I mRNAs in bleomycin-treated cells. However, bleomycin treatment of chick skin fibroblasts causes a redistribution of procollagen type I mRNAs within the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and polysomal subcellular fractions. Both the nuclear and cytoplasmic procollagen type I mRNAs are significantly decreased in concentration after bleomycin administration. In contrast, the polysomal procollagen type I mRNAs are significantly increased in both chick skin and lung fibroblasts treated with bleomycin. Administration of dexamethasone to bleomycin-treated fibroblasts resulted in a reversal of the bleomycin-induced increase in cell layer procollagen synthesis. The increased amounts of polysomal procollagen type I mRNAs in bleomycin-treated cells were also reduced by subsequent administration of dexamethasone. These data indicate that bleomycin treatment of chick skin and chick lung fibroblasts results in a specific increase in procollagen synthesis in the cell layer which is mediated by elevated levels of polysomal type I procollagen mRNAs via a repartitioning of these mRNAs within the fibroblast. Furthermore, dexamethasone reverses the bleomycin-induced elevations of both cell layer procollagen synthesis and polysomal type I procollagen mRNAs.
Animals↗
Dexamethasone decreases the amounts of type I procollagen mRNAs in vivo and in fibroblast cell cultures.
Dexamethasone treatment of neonatal chicks resulted in a time- and dose-dependent selective decrease of skin collagen synthesis. Total RNA of chick skin was isolated and hybridized to the cloned cDNAs pCg54 for pro-alpha 1 (I) mRNA and pCg45 for pro-alpha 2(I) mRNA. RNA isolated from the total skin of chicks receiving various doses of dexamethasone had dose-related decreases of pro-alpha 1 (I) and pro-alpha 2(I) mRNAs. The decrease of type I procollagen mRNAs for various doses of dexamethasone were similar to the decreases observed for collagen synthesis in vivo. Dexamethasone treatment of chick skin and chick lung fibroblasts resulted in a selective decrease of procollagen synthesis. A dose-related decrease of procollagen synthesis was observed with chick skin fibroblasts. Dexamethasone-treated chick skin and chick lung fibroblasts had decreased levels of pro-alpha 1 (I) and pro-alpha 2(I) mRNAs as determined by solid support hybridization with pCg54 and pCg45. The dexamethasone-mediated decreases of type I procollagen mRNAs in skin fibroblasts and lung fibroblasts were similar to the decreases observed in procollagen synthesis.
Animals↗