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Biomedical subjects

M J Goddard

Publications and source records attributed to M J Goddard.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Pain rehabilitation. 2. Chronic pain syndrome and myofascial pain.

This article highlights chronic pain syndrome and myofascial pain. It is part of the chapter on pain rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article discusses behavioral maladaptations to chronic pain which lead to global physical, psychologic, social, and vocational impairments--the chronic pain syndrome. The spectrum of myofascial pain syndromes, contributing factors, and interventions are detailed. New advances that are covered in this section include controversies in long-term use of opioids and muscle relaxants; differentiating fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndromes, and chronic fatigue syndrome; pathophysiology of myofascial pain; and beneficial treatments.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1994

Pain rehabilitation. 1. Basic science, acute pain, and neuropathic pain.

This self-directed learning module highlights advances in pain basic science as well as the management of acute and neuropathic pain. It is part of the chapter on pain rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This section discusses pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic techniques in pain management. Advances that are covered include updated theories on etiology of central pain, the use of patient-controlled analgesia and blocks in pain control, and management and patterns of headache after brain injury and in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Myositis due to cholesterol emboli.

Myositis due to spontaneous cholesterol embolization is uncommon and usually associated with cutaneous abnormalities at presentation. A case of myositis due to cholesterol emboli is reported. The patient presented with painful weak legs, and the diagnosis was confirmed by muscle biopsy.

Aortography↗
PubMed1993

A Weibull model for the estimation of tumorigenic potency.

In this paper, a new method of estimating tumorigenic potency is proposed that takes into account information on survival and, when available, the underlying cause of death. Specifically, Weibull distributions are used to describe the time to tumor occurrence (X), the time to death as a result of tumor occurrence (Y), and the time of death from causes other than tumor occurrence (Z). The distributions of X and Y are related via a lethality parameter p lying between 0 (incidental tumors) and 1 (rapidly fatal tumors). The index of tumorigenic potency is defined as the dose inducing a specified excess tumor response rate (in the range of 25%-50%) following exposure for an extended period encompassing most of the expected lifespan. Application of the proposed method is illustrated using several data sets taken from the literature.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed1992

Adenomatoid tumours: a mucin histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

We have examined 16 cases of adenomatoid tumour using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and also stained them for the presence of hyaluronidase-sensitive alcianophilic material. Fourteen cases expressed cytokeratins and a proportion of these also expressed S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, vimentin, and human milk fat globule protein 2. The same 14 cases also showed hyaluronidase-sensitive staining with alcian blue. No expression of factor VIII-related antigen was seen in these cases. We conclude that this provides further evidence of a mesothelial origin of these tumours. The remaining two cases did not express cytokeratins and no hyaluronidase-sensitive staining with alcian blue was seen. They did however express factor VIII-related antigen. Although they were morphologically indistinguishable from the other 14 cases, we suggest that they should be more properly regarded as angiomas.

Female↗
PubMed1992

The histogenesis of appendiceal carcinoid tumours.

Twenty-two appendiceal carcinoid tumours, comprising 10 classical carcinoids, six tubular carcinoids and six goblet cell carcinoids were examined by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. All of the tumours showed evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. Classical carcinoids were invariably intimately associated with S-100 protein positive cells, supporting an origin from sub-epithelial neuroendocrine cells. Both tubular and goblet cell carcinoids expressed cytoplasmic mucin and immunoglobulin A, and neither were associated with S-100 protein positive cells. These observations suggest that tubular and goblet cell carcinoids are derived from epithelial crypt stem cells.

Appendiceal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Chronic arsenic poisoning masquerading as Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Acute arsenic intoxication may present as Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome because of similarities in clinical symptoms involving the gastrointestinal tract, weakness, and sensory symptoms. Electrodiagnostic findings may be similar with demyelinating changes predominating early in both diseases. A case is presented of repeated arsenic poisoning over two years misdiagnosed as Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome. Proximal F-loop latency (M-wave latency at wrist + F-wave latency at wrist - 2 M-wave latency at axilla) helped to establish the correct diagnosis. Serial electrodiagnostic studies were done documenting the evolution of chronic repeated arsenic poisoning from a picture showing demyelination to one with severe axonal loss.

Arsenic Poisoning↗
PubMed1992

Dose-response relationships in carcinogenesis.

Considerable information on the carcinogenic potential of chemical and radiological agents has accumulated from the epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted to date. In this article, we discuss dose-response relationships in carcinogenesis from both empirical and theoretical points of view. Emphasis is placed on the application of biologically based models to describe observed dose-response relationships for exposure to single and multiple agents known to increase cancer risk. The implications of these observations for inferences about possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis are explored.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of commercially available cytokeratin antibodies in normal and neoplastic adult epithelial and non-epithelial tissues.

Five commercially available cytokeratin antibodies (lu-5, AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, MFN116 and anti-cytokeratin 18) were used to stain a wide range of normal and neoplastic epithelial and non-epithelial tissues to assess their potential value in diagnostic histopathology. All five showed good specificity, with some cross-reactivity in smooth muscle cells. The wider reactivity of AE1/AE3, lu-5, and MFN 116, which includes cytokeratins 8,18 (Moll's catalogue) expressed in simple epithelia and their tumours, as well as cytokeratins expressed in complex stratified squamous epithelia, permits identification of a wider range of epithelial derived tumours. This wider spectrum of reactivity may allow these antibodies to be used in a diagnostic panel for the identification of poorly differentiated tumours.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and non-normal data: an empirical study.

This paper evaluates the performance of several diagnostic kits for assessing levels of serum prostatic acid phosphatase on patients at different stages of cancer of the prostate. Each patient was studied with several kits. We compare results obtained for receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve methodology with data assumed to follow a normal distribution, with log-transformed data assumed to follow a normal distribution, and when neither of these assumptions holds. There were important differences between the results of the different approaches. For these data, the normal distribution assumption should be used with extreme caution. The log-transformed based results compared favourably with the non-parametric, but unconsidered application of the method should be avoided.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Statistical considerations in the interpretation of negative carcinogenicity data.

The regulation of toxic substances present in the environment requires that carcinogens be distinguished from noncarcinogens on the strength of the available toxicological and epidemiological evidence for carcinogenicity. In this article, we consider the difficulties associated with establishing strong evidence against carcinogenicity. In particular, the ability of both animal and human studies to detect small increases in tumor occurrence rates is evaluated in statistical terms. Consideration is also given to resolving apparent conflicts between the toxicological and the epidemiological sources of data.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Control of events during early cleavage of the mouse embryo: an analysis of the '2-cell block'.

Embryos from certain strains of mice do not develop into blastocysts when cultured in vitro from the 1- or 2-cell stages but arrest development as 2-cell embryos--a phenomenon referred to as the '2-cell block'. Reciprocal crosses between eggs and sperm of a 'blocking' (CFLP) and 'non-blocking' (F1) strain show that in this combination the genotype of the egg alone determines whether the embryo 'blocks' at the 2-cell stage (or continues retarded development to the 4- to 6-cell stage in a minority of cases). A comparison of molecular and cellular development in normal and 'blocked 2-cell' embryos was therefore undertaken to investigate the influence of these maternal components on early mouse development. The results show that the majority of 'blocked 2-cells' arrest development at a stage equivalent to the late 2-cell stage in terms of cellular and nuclear division, DNA synthesis, activation of the embryonic genome, qualitative and quantitative changes in amino acid uptake, polypeptide synthesis and morphological maturation of organelles. These observations are compatible with the notion that maternally inherited developmental information plays an important role in controlling early cleavage of the mouse embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of ELISA, radioimmunoassay and stool examination for Schistosoma mansoni infection.

A comparison was made of the sensitivity and specificity of four diagnostic tests for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a community of 516 untreated persons in St. Lucia, West Indies. Prevalence of infection as obtained by: (i) the Bell filtration technique was 44.4% (one filter) and 63.2% (three filters); (ii) the Kato thick smear, 60.2%; (iii) by radioimmunoassay (RIA), 73.3%; and (iv) enzyme-immunoassay (ELISA) 70.9%. The age distribution of persons serologically positive but parasitologically negative showed these to be mostly children and persons 40 years old and over. By means of a statistical test due to Cochrane, it was concluded that there was no evidence to indicate a difference between paired serological tests and paired parasitological tests in their diagnostic capability. There was a very significant difference between the Bell technique and the other three tests. The ELISA emerged as a less satisfactory test than the RIA or the Kato thick smear. The levels of sensitivity and specificity of each test were measured by Armitage's "J" index. The reliability of the Bell filtration technique was 64%, of the ELISA 68%, of the RIA 78% and of the Kato 85%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

On the longevity of Schistosoma mansoni in man on St. Lucia, West Indies.

Data have been collected for at least five years in areas where transmission of Schistosoma mansoni has been controlled in the West Indian island of St. Lucia. Faecal egg output, as determined by Bell's technique, was periodically determined in 625 people and the geometric mean egg loads by year and age-group (in 1970) are presented. Assuming that egg output is linearly related to worm load, that flukes exhibit exponential survival, and survival is independent of worm load, the mean life-span of flukes within each host is calculated. It is valid to pool results for hosts ten years of age and older and a mean life-span of 3.3 years (with approximate 95% limits of 2.7 to 4.5 years) for the flukes is obtained. Results for younger hosts were heterogeneous and no pooled estimate is determined but it is suspected that the mean life-spans are greater for these hosts. The validity of some of the assumptions is discussed.

Adolescent↗