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Biomedical subjects

M Iwai

Publications and source records attributed to M Iwai.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Altered lipid metabolism during enteral or parenteral nutrition in rats: comparison with oral feeding.

To investigate the effects of different routes of alimentation on lipid metabolism, lipid-free nutrients with the same amount of energy and composition were continuously administered via the oral cavity (oral group), directly to the stomach (enteral group), or into the superior caval vein (parenteral group) of unrestrained rats. The body weight gain 1 week after continuous nutrition was greater in enteral and parenteral groups than in the orally-fed group. In comparison with the orally-fed group, the enterally-fed group had significantly greater liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weights and hepatic lipid content, whereas the parenterally-fed group produced similar changes to those in the enteral group without significant accumulation of hepatic lipid. The rate of fatty acid synthesis after 1 week of alimentation was 3-fold higher in the liver in enterally-fed group, and approximately 10-fold higher in white adipose tissue in both enterally- and parenterally-fed groups than in orally-fed group. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines after 6 h were significantly higher in the orally-fed group than in either the enteral or parenteral group. However, plasma insulin concentrations were not significantly different among the three groups. The results indicate that lipid synthesis and its deposition in the liver and adipose tissue are greatly influenced by the route of alimentation, possibly owing to difference in the early neuro-hormonal responses to different routes of alimentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[A new departure of an incorporated round visits; anesthesiologists and pharmacists ].

We commenced a new trial of an incorporated round visit. Members of round visit are 4 anesthesiologists and 2 pharmaceutists. This new trial gives us the following advantages; 1. We can get the newest drug informations at bed side during the round visit. 2. We can select a more reasonable therapy for patients through discussions. 3. Cooperative development of clinical studies concerning a new model or style of drugs may be possible. This new style of round visit is also of benefit for patients because it leads to administration of more pertinent drugs. We recommend to have a chance of cooperation between anesthesiologists and pharmaceutists in other hospitals.

Anesthesia Department, Hospital↗
PubMed1992

Effect of mild diabetes and dietary fructose on very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride turnover in rats.

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride turnover was examined in mildly streptozotocin (25 mg/kg)-diabetic rats, using Triton WR1339. Diabetic rats fed standard rat chow showed mild hyperglycemia and suppressed levels of plasma insulin. Their triglyceride secretion was significantly suppressed despite an elevated level of plasma free fatty acids. However, the plasma triglyceride level of these diabetic rats was significantly elevated compared with nondiabetic controls. This suggested that the removal of triglyceride from the circulation, as well as its entry into the circulation, was impaired in mildly insulin-deficient rats. Glucose or fructose supplementation (10% in drinking water for 14 days) significantly increased the triglyceride secretion rate of diabetic rats. Especially, fructose supplementation increased plasma insulin to normal levels, but resulted in markedly elevated plasma triglyceride levels (three times higher than glucose-supplemented or chow-fed diabetic rats) despite similar triglyceride secretion rates between the two types of sugar-supplemented diabetic rat groups. This suggested an impairment of triglyceride removal by dietary fructose. The result obtained from chow-fed diabetic rats indicates that mild but significant insulin deficiency resulted in mild hypertriglyceridemia, linked to impaired triglyceride removal rather than to an overproduction of VLDL-triglyceride, despite elevated levels of plasma free fatty acids. Furthermore, fructose feeding induced prominent hypertriglyceridemia not only by stimulating triglyceride secretion, but also by suppressing triglyceride removal from the circulation of mildly diabetic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Alteration in sympathetic nerve activity during liver regeneration in rats after partial hepatectomy.

To determine if the sympathetic nerve has a role in liver regeneration, the alterations of tissue norepinephrine (NE) content and its turnover were measured in rats after partial hepatectomy. NE content per unit liver mass decreased progressively to about one-fourth of controls by the ninth day after partial hepatectomy. Since the total amount of NE in the whole liver did not change during nine days of liver regeneration, it was supposed that sympathetic innervation could make slower progress than proliferation of hepatocytes. Fractional turnover rate of NE was reduced transiently in regenerating liver 24-48 h after partial hepatectomy and recovered to normal 8-9 days after the operation. Such a transient reduction of NE turnover was observed specifically in the liver. These results suggest that sympathetic nerve activity of the liver is suppressed at the early stage of regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The expression and localization of mRNA for colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 in human term placenta.

A 4-kb mRNA for colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) was detected in normal human placenta at term by Northern blot analysis. In-situ hybridization revealed that the mRNA for CSF-1 was localized in the mesenchymal cells of the chorionic villous stroma, but not in the trophoblasts or capillary epithelial cells. Because there are significant numbers of tissue macrophages (Hofbauer cells) in the placental stroma and because the receptor for CSF-1 (the c-fms proto-oncogene product) is known to be expressed by trophoblasts, our results suggest that CSF-1 produced by placental stromal cells may act as a growth and survival factor for human placental macrophages and trophoblasts.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1992

Expression of c-kit protein during placental development.

The c-kit proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and is shown to be allelic with the white-spotting locus (W) of the mouse. In order to elucidate the role of c-kit protein during placental development, we have examined the expression of c-kit protein in the uterus and placenta of mice at pre- and post-implantation stages by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) method using rat anti-mouse c-kit monoclonal antibody. At Days 3 and 5 of pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy, c-kit protein was detected in the glandular epithelium, but little expression was observed in the luminal epithelium. At Day 7 of pregnancy, expression was detected in the stromal cells around the uterine crypts of the mesometrial portion, but not in the vigorously proliferating decidual cells around the developing embryo. At Days 9 and 10 of pregnancy, the decidua basalis facing invading trophoblasts gradually expressed c-kit protein. In the mature placenta, c-kit protein was detected in the labyrinthine and decidual layers, but in neither the giant trophoblastic nor the spongiotrophoblastic layer. By Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), c-kit mRNA was detected at the stages of periimplantation and placental development. These results suggested that the c-kit protein might be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of placenta.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cytokine modulation of progesterone and estradiol secretion in cultures of luteinized human granulosa cells.

To clarify the possible roles of cytokines in the regulation of luteal cell function, we examined the effects of interferon (IFN), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on progesterone and estradiol secretion in cultures of luteinized human granulosa cells. IFN gamma reduced hCG-stimulated progesterone secretion in a concentration-dependent manner; at its maximal inhibitory concentration (10 ng/mL), IFN gamma reduced progesterone secretion to 20% of that in the hCG-stimulated controls. Whereas other IFN (alpha and beta) reproduced the inhibitory effect of IFN gamma, IL-1 and TNF had no effect on hCG-stimulated progesterone secretion at concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/mL. IFN gamma also markedly reduced FSH-stimulated estradiol secretion. Unlike their effects on hCG-stimulated progesterone secretion, IL-1 and TNF reproduced the inhibitory effect of IFN gamma on FSH-stimulated estradiol secretion. IFN gamma significantly reduced both hCG- and FSH-stimulated cAMP generation in granulosa cells. IL-1 and TNF inhibited FSH-stimulated cAMP generation, but they did not inhibit hCG-stimulated cAMP generation. None of these cytokines reduced forskolin-stimulated cAMP generation, thus suggesting that these cytokines affect steps proximal to cAMP generation without affecting cAMP generation itself. IFN gamma also reduced progesterone secretion in response to (Bu)2cAMP, suggesting that it also affects steps distal to cAMP generation. This study has demonstrated that cytokines modulate the steroidogenesis of luteinized human granulosa cells in vitro; the results suggest that cytokines may play permissive roles in regulating luteal cell function.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Inhibition of glucose production during hepatic nerve stimulation in regenerating rat liver perfused in situ. Possible involvement of gap junctions in the action of sympathetic nerves.

To explore the possible role of gap junctions in neural regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism, the effects of hepatic nerve stimulation on metabolic and hemodynamic changes were examined in normal and regenerating rat liver which was perfused in situ at constant pressure via the portal vein with a medium containing 5 mM glucose, 2 mM lactate and 0.2 mM pyruvate. 1. The content of connexin 32, a major component of gap junctions in rat liver, decreased transiently to about 25% of the control level in regenerating liver 48-72 h after partial hepatectomy and recovered to normal by the 11th day after the operation. 2. In normal liver, electrical stimulation of the hepatic nerves (10 Hz, 20 V, 2 ms) and infusion of noradrenaline (1 microM) both increased glucose and lactate output and reduced perfusion flow. 3. In early stage of regenerating liver 48 h and 72 h after partial hepatectomy, the increase in glucose output in response to nerve stimulation was almost completely inhibited, whereas the change in lactate balance was partially suppressed and the reduction of flow rate was retained. The response of glucose output to nerve stimulation recovered by the 11th day after partial hepatectomy. In contrast, exogenous application of noradrenaline increased glucose output even in the early stage of regenerating liver. 4. The increase in noradrenaline overflow during hepatic nerve stimulation in the early stage of regenerating liver was approximately the same as in normal liver. Liver glycogen was sufficiently preserved in the early stage of regenerating liver. However, noradrenaline infusion could no more increase glucose output both in normal and in regenerating livers after 24 h of fasting that depleted liver glycogen. These results suggest that the impaired effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on glucose metabolism observed in regenerating liver are derived neither from reduced release of noradrenaline nor from depletion of liver glycogen, but rather from transient reduction of gap junctions which assist signal propagation of the nerve action through intercellular communication in rat liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Single administration of hepatotoxic chemicals transiently decreases the gap-junction-protein levels of connexin 32 in rat liver.

Effects of a single administration of hepatotoxic chemicals on the major gap-junction protein of liver (connexin 32) were studied in rats. The connexin-32 content was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry using an affinity-purified monoclonal antibody against connexin 32. The connexin-32 content decreased dramatically to less than 10% of the control value 24 h after injection of 25 mg/kg dimethylnitrosamine and returned to the normal level 240 h later. Injection of CCl4 at a dose of 1 ml/kg also caused a transient reduction of connexin-32 content in the liver, as seen after the dimethylnitrosamine injection. The decrease in hepatic connexin-32 content was inversely correlated to the increase in plasmic alanine-aminotransferase activity which has been used as an index of acute liver injury. The changes in connexin 32 were essentially similar to those observed in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. However, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into liver DNA after dimethylnitrosamine injection was significantly less than that obtained after partial hepatectomy. The 5'-nucleotidase activity of the plasma-membrane fraction of the liver was not significantly altered by the injection of dimethylnitrosamine. These results suggest that liver gap-junction protein is specifically reduced by acute liver injury and that this kind of decrease in connexin 32 is not simply related to cell proliferation, unlike the decrease after partial hepatectomy.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary glucose or fructose on the secretion rate and particle size of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in Zucker fatty rats.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate on the secretion rate and particle size of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins were examined in Zucker fatty rats fed fructose and glucose and were compared with those of Zucker lean rats. Carbohydrates were supplied as 10% drinking solutions for 14 days. As compared with lean rats, Zucker fatty rats had hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia associated with an increased rate of triglyceride secretion into the circulation. Feeding fructose and glucose to fatty rats produced an increase in plasma glucose levels, whereas plasma insulin concentrations did not show significant changes. Neither fructose nor glucose supplementation produced significant changes in the rate of triglyceride secretion. Despite this, plasma triglyceride concentrations in fructose-fed fatty rats were twice as high as those in glucose-fed rats or those receiving no supplementary carbohydrate. Particle diameters of lipoproteins of density between 0.96 and 1.006 were larger in fructose-fed fatty rats than in those receiving no sugar. The results suggest that feeding fructose, but not glucose, into fatty rats is associated with an impairment of triglyceride removal and a resultant increase in plasma triglyceride concentration, the latter of which is accompanied by an increase in triglyceride contents in each particle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Neuronal differentiation of Ewing's sarcoma induced by cholera toxin B and bromodeoxyuridine--establishment of Ewing's sarcoma cell line and histochemical study.

An Ewing's sarcoma (ES) cell line was established from a metastatic bone marrow specimen in a patient with advanced disease, and some histochemical characteristics were investigated by neuronal differentiation induced with cholera toxin B (CTB) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Neuronal differentiation was investigated by the expression of neurofilament and Leu-7, and glial differentiation was observed by expression of S-100 protein. Neurofilament (NF) and Leu-7 were positive in ES cells and these were expressed more intensively by induction with CTB than with BrdU. There was no expression of S-100 protein in untreated or differentiated ES cells. ES cells became differentiated to neuronal cells with CTB and BrdU, but it was not observed, that ES cells had the potential to differentiate to glial cells. It appears that ES is of more primitive neural origin than neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumors and other related neural tumors.

Antigens, Differentiation↗
PubMed1991

Luteinizing hormone induces progesterone receptor gene expression in cultured porcine granulosa cells.

We have examined the effect of LH on the regulation of the progesterone receptor (PR) in cultured porcine granulosa cells. In this study we used the RNase protection assay to evaluate the PR mRNA levels with a porcine cDNA clone isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This clone was regarded as part of the porcine PR cDNA because of its 98.3% and 95.7% homology to the hormone-binding domain of human PR cDNA in amino acid and nucleotide sequences, respectively. Treatment with LH (500 ng/ml) increased porcine PR mRNA to a maximum level of 8.6 +/- 1.1-fold (mean +/- SE) after 3-h exposure. This induction was mimicked by (Bu)2cAMP as well as by FSH and hCG, and the increased PR caused by LH and (Bu)2cAMP occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Basal and LH-induced PR mRNA levels were not affected by progesterone (100 ng/ml), estrogen (100 ng/ml), and RU 486 (10 ng/ml) at 3 h. The mechanism of the increased PR mRNA levels was studied in the presence of actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. While inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin-D blocked LH-induced PR mRNA expression, inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide increased basal and LH-induced PR mRNA levels. These results indicate that the expression of PR mRNA is positively regulated by LH, and this induction does not require ongoing protein synthesis. There may be a cycloheximide-sensitive mechanism that modulates PR mRNA stability. From our results we suspect that progesterone modulates ovarian function through LH-induced PR in granulosa cells.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1991

Endothelins inhibit luteinization of cultured porcine granulosa cells.

Endothelin (ET), a novel vasoconstrictor peptide containing three isopeptides [ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 (ETs)], has various biological effects including vasoconstriction, mitogenesis, and steroidogenesis. We examined the ET-1-like immunoreactivity level in porcine follicular fluid and culture medium of porcine granulosa cells by RIA. The ET level in the follicular fluid was 9.4-14.2 pg/ml. These levels were within 0.42 to 0.62-fold of the porcine plasma level (22.7 +/- 3.1 pg/ml) (mean +/- SE). ET was detected in the culture medium of granulosa cells with and without LH treatment at the concentration of 56 +/- 9.3 and 4.9 +/- 1.2 pg/10(6) cells.h, respectively. We also examined whether ETs affect the luteinization of granulosa cells. ETs inhibited the LH-stimulated progesterone and cAMP accumulation in cultured porcine granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 5 x 10(-11) M. ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 (5 x 10(-8)M inhibited progesterone accumulation by 62.3 +/- 1.8, 59.8 +/- 4.0, and 63.3 +/- 5.7% in 6-day cultures, respectively, and significant inhibition was observed within 24 h of culture. ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 (5 x 10(-8) M) inhibited the LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation in granulosa cells by 54.8 +/- 2.3, 55.4 +/- 7.1, and 55.5 +/- 6.2%, respectively, whereas they did not affect basal cAMP levels. As well as progesterone accumulation, ETs partially inhibited LH-stimulated morphological transformation of granulosa cells. In this study, we demonstrated that ET exists in follicular fluid and in the culture medium of granulosa cells, and that ET inhibited LH-induced progesterone accumulation, morphological transformation, and cAMP accumulation in cultured porcine granulosa cells. These findings suggest that ET acts as a modulator of steroid metabolism in preovulatory follicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Inhibitory effect of 2-(E-2-alkenoylamino)ethyl alkyl sulfides on gastric ulceration in rats. II. Structure and activity relationships of 2-(E-n or Z-n-Decenoylamino)ethyl alkyl sulfides.

The analogues of 2-(E-n or Z-n-decenoylamino)ethyl carbamoylmethyl sulfide, including the modifications of sulfide portion, double bond in decenoyl chain and alkyl sulfide moiety, were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on stress-induced ulceration in rats were compared. Replacing the sulfura atom by methylene group or oxygen atom reduced the effect of potency. Saturation of the double bond in the decenoyl chain tended to reduce the anti-ulcerogenic activity in rats. There was no relationship between the position of double bond in decenoyl chain and the pharmacological activity. On the other hand, compounds with E-configuration showed stronger anti-ulcer activity than the corresponding Z-type of compounds. Among 9 kinds of S substituted alkyl groups for carbamoylmethyl, 2-(E-2-decenoylamino)ethyl 2-cyclohexylethyl sulfide showed the most potent anti-ulcerogenic activity in rats and also showed the lowest acute toxicity in mice.

Animals↗