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Biomedical subjects

M Hussain

Publications and source records attributed to M Hussain.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Cotton leaf curl disease is associated with multiple monopartite begomoviruses supported by single DNA beta.

For bipartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) trans-replication of the DNA B component by the DNA A-encoded replication-associated protein (Rep) is achieved by virtue of a shared sequence, the "common region", which contains repeated motifs (iterons) which are sequence-specific Rep binding sites and form part of the origin of replication. Recently cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), a major constraint to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent, has been shown to be caused by a monopartite begomovirus ( Cotton leaf curl Multan virus [CLCuMV]) and a novel single-stranded DNA satellite molecule termed CLCuD DNA beta. The satellite molecule is trans-replicated by CLCuMV but does not possess the iteron sequences of this virus. We have investigated the ability of CLCuD DNA beta to interact with three further clones of monopartite begomoviruses, isolated from cotton, that have distinct Rep binding specificities. All three cloned viruses were capable of trans-replicating the satellite molecule and inducing CLCuD symptoms in cotton, indicating that the interaction between begomovirus and DNA beta is relaxed in comparison to the interaction between DNA A and DNA B components. Field surveys across all the cotton growing regions of Pakistan indicate that dual and multiple infections are the norm for CLCuD with no evidence of synergism. Despite the diversity of begomoviruses associated with CLCuD, only a single class of DNA beta has been detected, suggesting that this satellite has the capacity to be recruited by unrelated begomoviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Racial disparity in incidence patterns and outcome of kidney cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the subgroups that primarily contribute to the greater incidence and mortality of renal cancer in black Americans compared with white Americans. METHODS: We analyzed age, stage, and race-related differences in the incidence and survival among patients with renal cancer using the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database. White and black patients with renal cell carcinoma who were older than 19 years of age and had been diagnosed between 1975 and 1998 were included. Incidence trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression with the statistical significance level at P <0.05. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the overall survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma by race (white versus black), age (20 to 59 versus 60+ years), and stage (local versus regional/distant). RESULTS: Localized disease predominantly accounted for the rise in incidence. Both black age groups with localized disease had a greater estimated annual percentage of incidence increase (4.46% for 20 to 59 years and 4.35% for 60+ years) compared with their white counterparts (2.87% and 3.06%, respectively). The magnitude of survival difference was largest between black versus white patients younger than 60 years of age who had local stage disease, with a median survival time of 190 and 259 months, respectively (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Young black patients with localized renal cancer appear to have had a greater rise in incidence and a poorer outcome than white patients of the same age and disease stage. Additional investigation is warranted to define the role of these race, stage, and age-related disparities in the etiology, prognosis, treatment, and follow-up of kidney cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some isocoumarin and dihydroisocoumarin derivatives.

A new series of the isocoumarin derivatives of ibuprofen, fluribiprofen, naproxen, valproic acid and 1-naphthoic acid have been synthesized via condensation of homophthalic acid with their respective acid chlorides. The conversion of the latter two isocoumarins into (dl)-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins has also been achieved. Most of the synthesized compounds showed antifungal and antibacterial activities.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2003

Management of pediatric urolithiasis in Pakistan: experience with 1,440 children.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of different modalities for pediatric urolithiasis in a developing country in 2 eras, namely before and after the advent of minimally invasive surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,440 children younger than 14 years treated with various modalities during a 14-year period. From 1987 to 1995, 486 and 50 patients were treated with open surgery, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) and minimally invasive methods, respectively. Between 1996 and 2000, 518 and 386 children were treated with surgery and minimally invasive methods, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 1,440 children 795 (55.2%) had renal, 198 (13.8%) had ureteral and 447 (31%) had bladder calculi. Of the renal stones 556 (70%), 177 (22%) and 62 (7.8%) were treated with open surgery, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, respectively. Of the ureteral calculi 85 (43%), 37 (18.6%) and 76 (38%) were managed by ESWL, ureterorenoscopy and open surgery, respectively. Of the bladder calculi 307 (68%), 77 (17.2%) and 63 (14%) were treated with open vesicolithotomy, transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The renal stone clearance rate was 98% after open surgery, 84% after ESWL and 68% after percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy at 3 months of followup. Similarly the ureteral stone-free rate was 54% after ESWL and 86.9% after ureterorenoscopy. Of the patients with bladder calculi 48% and 93% become stone-free after ESWL and transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureterorenoscopy has resulted in treating a large number of children with a short hospital stay and early return to school. Open surgery is reserved only for complex stones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The incidence of incomplete excision in surgically treated basal cell carcinoma: a retrospective clinical audit.

BCC is the commonest of the malignant skin tumours and the complete resection is the key to successful outcome with the cure rate of the order of 95%. Incomplete excisions are associated with high rate of recurrence. We designed our study to quantify the incidence of incomplete excision and its association with the subsequent recurrence of the tumour and also to identify any variables that might affect it. Case notes of 118 patients who had 126 BCCs excised between January 1995 and December 1995 in the Mater Hospital were studied retrospectively. 10 lesions showed incomplete excision on histology.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Lipoma of the finger--a case report.

A rare case of a lipoma occurring in the little finger of a 48-year-old woman is described. The presentation and clinical relevance of this and other lipomas occurring in the fingers are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric urolithiasis: developing nation perspectives.

PURPOSE: We evaluated epidemiology, etiology, dietary and urinary risk factors, and the composition of calculi in pediatric stone formers in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes 1,440 children treated between 1987 and 2000. Case records were reviewed for demographics, etiology and clinical symptoms. Dietary and urinary risk factors were analyzed prospectively in idiopathic stone formers. Stone composition was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: There were 1,075 males and 365 females for a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. The peak age for renal and bladder stones was 6 to 10 and 1 to 5 years, respectively. Overall 795 stones (55%) were renal, 198 (14%) were ureteral and 447 (31%) were vesical. Bladder stones were present in 60% of cases in the mid 1980s but decreased to 15% in the mid 1990s. The clinical symptoms were abdominal pain in 511 patients (51%) and fever in 193 (19.5%). There were anatomical abnormalities in 96 patients (12%), metabolic abnormalities in 206 (25%), infection stones in 60 (7%) and idiopathic stones in 444 (55%). Urinary analysis in idiopathic stone formers revealed hypercalciuria in 17 (11%), hyperoxaluria in 62 (40%), hyperuricosuria in 41 (27%) and hypocitruria in 97 (63%). Diet involved a low intake of protein in 60 cases (44%), calcium in 45 (33%), potassium in 105 (77%) and high oxalate in 75 (55%). The composition was calcium oxalate in 362 stones (47%), ammonium hydrogen urate in 210 (27%) and struvite in 49 (6.4%). Stones recurred in 30 patients (2%). CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of calculous disease changed from a predominantly lower tract site in the mid 1980s to the upper tract in the mid 1990s. Stone composition, urinary risk factors and dietary analysis suggest that diet, dehydration and poor nutrition are the main causative factors of stone disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Living-related pediatric renal transplants: a single-center experience from a developing country.

We retrospectively analyzed the results of 75 living-related pediatric renal transplants performed at our center between January 1986 and December 1999. The major causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were glomerulonephritis (26%) and nephrolithiasis (16%), while the etiology was unknown in 50%. The mean age of the recipients was 12 yr (range 6-17 yr) and that of the donors was 39 yr (range 20-65 yr). The majority (73%) of donors were parents. Eighty five per cent of donors were one-haplotype matched and the rest identical. Immunosuppression was based on a triple drug regimen. Thirty per cent of recipients were rapid metabolizers of cyclosporin A (CsA) (area under the curve [AUC]: < 6,000 ng/mL/h), while 16% were slow metabolizers (AUC: > 8,000 ng/mL/h). Forty three (57%) children encountered 59 rejection episodes, the majority of which (59%) were recorded in the first month post-transplant. Seventy-four per cent of the rejection episodes were steroid sensitive and the rest, except two, were resolved by therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) or orthoclone thymocyte 3 (OKT3). After a mean follow-up of 37 months, 17 (22%) grafts had chronic rejection and 76% of these recipients had previously experienced acute rejection episodes. The overall infection rate was high, necessitating two hospital admissions/patient/year. The majority (53%) of the infections were bacterial. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were seen in 17 (23%) recipients. Twelve of these had ESRD as a result of stone disease and eight grafts were lost because of UTIs. Eight per cent of recipients developed tuberculosis (TB), and extra-pulmonary lesions were seen in 50%. Surgical complications were encountered in eight patients. Free medication to all recipients and parental support ensured a compliance rate of 93%. Baseline growth deficit was seen in children of the two groups studied (the 6-12 yr and 13-17 yr age-groups), with Z-scores of - 2.39 and - 2.12, respectively. No growth catch-up was observed at 12 and 24 months in either group. Post-donation complications were seen most commonly in donors > 50 yr of age and included: proteinuria (> 300 mg/24 h, four patients), hypertension (three patients), and diabetes (one patient). Twenty-four grafts were lost, 54% as a result of immunological and the rest as a result of non-immunological causes, and 17 recipients died during the follow-up period. Infections were the main cause of patient and graft loss. Overall 1- and 5-yr graft and patient survival rates were 88% and 65%, and 90% and 75%, respectively.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Experience with sentinel node localisation in a district general hospital breast unit.

Intraoperative lymphatic mapping with identification of the first draining lymph node (sentinel node) is under investigation as a possible sole axillary staging procedure in breast cancer patients. The role of sentinel node biopsy in the district general hospital breast unit is currently unclear. We report a series of 122 patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy, using a blue dye technique. The sentinel node was identified in 113 patients, and accurately predicted the status of the axilla in 108 patients (96%). Of 39 patients who were node positive, the sentinel node was the only positive node in 11 cases (26%). There were five false negatives in patients who had a node-positive axilla. We therefore suggest that sentinel node biopsy may be a feasible alternative to formal axillary dissection in certain patients, and that lack of access to radioisotope facilities in a district general hospital need not preclude such an approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Need and duration of antibiotic therapy in clean and clean contaminated operations.

OBJECTIVE: To define the need and duration of prophylactic antibiotic administration in clean and clean contaminated surgery in the prevailing operating theatre environment in Karachi. SETTING: Surgical Department of Hamdard University Hospital and three other private hospitals in Karachi. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing elective clean and clean contaminated surgery were recruited from October 2000 to October 2001. Patients were admitted either a day prior to surgery or on the day of surgery, depending on the nature of procedure. Prophylaxis was provided by single dose of antibiotic at induction. The rest of the pre-operative preparation was done in standard way. Patients were discharged home as dictated by the nature of the operation and social circumstances. Wounds were examined for Surgical Site Infection (SSI) on day 4 and day 11. Patients who had post-operative pyrexia or signs of SSI were given extended antibiotic treatment for 5 days or until resolution of infection. RESULTS: Four out of 8 patients who developed SSI required extended antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: Single dose prophylactic antibiotic therapy is satisfactory in our surgical environment. This practice would be efficient, cost effective and prevent the emergence of nosocomial infections in a developing country such as Pakistan with extremely limited health care resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Breast-feeding counselling and its effect on the prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding.

This prospective intervention study was undertaken to assess the impact of repeated breast-feeding counselling on the rate of exclusive breast-feeding up to five months. The study was carried out in two breast-feeding counselling sub-centres, established at the community level in the vicinity of two maternity facilities and one main centre established in an urban children hospital. Eighty-four pregnant mothers who attended the maternity facilities for delivery of babies were randomly selected and repeatedly counselled regarding breast-feeding--once just before delivery and subsequently at the completion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 month(s) of age of the child. These child-mother pairs comprised the intervention group. Another group of 90 child-mother pairs was selected from the maternity facilities. Mothers in this group (comparison group) received a single session of breast-feeding counselling just before delivery of babies. Fifty-nine and 55 child-mother pairs in the intervention and the comparison groups respectively completed the one-year follow-up. In the intervention group, 54.2% and in the comparison group 36.4% of the babies were exclusively breastfed up to five months of age. Forty-two (88%) children in the intervention group and 29 (53%) in the comparison group were given complementary foods at the optimum time, e.g. after completion of five months, and 81% of the children in the intervention group and 100% of the children in the comparison group were given complementary foods in the first year of life. It was observed that repeated organized breast-feeding counselling significantly improved the prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding to 54% which is much above the existing national prevalence (12.7%) in Bangladesh.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Correlation of fine needle aspiration cytology and its histopathology in diagnosis of breast lumps.

This study was carried out to evaluate the accuracy of FNAC and the role of FNAC in palpable breast lumps for the early surgical management in out patient and inpatient basis. The study was carried out in Dhaka Medical College during the period of January-December, 2000. FNAC was performed on 310 patients presented with palpable breast lumps. Histopathology was available for 122 cases. Of them, cytologically diagnosed benign cases were 106, histologically 105 cases were proved so. There was false negative diagnosis in one case. All 14 cases diagnosed as malignant cytologically proved as such histologically. Two cases reported as suspicious for malignancy one of which were proved malignant histologically. False positive diagnosis was made in one case. FNAC of breast lump was found to be associated with increased diagnostic yields. It can be carried out safely as a preoperative diagnostic method in-patients with breast lumps mostly in out-patient department.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2001

Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel, alpha-interferon, and cis-retinoic acid in advanced renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Interferon and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-CRA) therapy showed clinical response rates of 30% in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This combination also enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel in a bcl-2 and mutant p53 expressing renal carcinoma cell line. Based on this, the authors conducted a Phase II clinical trial of the combination of interferon, 13-CRA, and weekly paclitaxel, in advanced RCC. METHODS: The eligibility criteria consisted of unresectable or metastatic RCC, measurable disease, a Southwest Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, and renal function. Prior cytotoxic or immunologic treatment including interferon was permitted. Paclitaxel was administered at a dose of 80 mg/m(2) as a 1-hour intravenous infusion on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Interferon was administered at a dose of 3 million units subcutaneously daily and 13-CRA at 1 mg/kg/day orally in 2 divided doses for the first 21 days of each cycle. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were enrolled with a median age of 52 years, 16 males and 5 females, 10 patients with no prior therapy, 5 each with prior interleukin-2 or interferon therapy, and 1 patient with both. Four patients had also received prior investigational chemotherapy. A total of 61 cycles were administered with a median of 2 per patient. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were neutropenia in three patients, anemia in four patients, and asthenia, skin rash, and hypersensitivity reaction in one case each. Of the 20 evaluable patients, one objective partial response was observed for a duration of 7+ months. Seven patients had disease stabilization. The median survival of the entire population was 9.5 months (range, 4-18+ months). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of 13-CRA, interferon, and weekly paclitaxel was well tolerated and had minimal efficacy in advanced RCC.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Control of axillary bud initiation and shoot architecture in Arabidopsis through the SUPERSHOOT gene.

The aerial architecture of flowering plants is determined to a large extent by shoot growth and shoot branching arising from the initiation and growth of axillary meristems. We have identified an Arabidopsis mutant, supershoot (sps), which is characterized by a massive overproliferation of shoots, such that a single plant can generate 500 or more inflorescences. Analysis of the mutant plants shows that the primary defect is because of an increase in the number of meristems formed in leaf axils, together with release of bud arrest, resulting in reiterative branch formation from rosette and cauline leaves. The SPS gene is shown here to encode a cytochrome P450, and together with a 3- to 9-fold increase in levels of Z-type cytokinins in sps mutant plants, indicate a role for SPS in modulating hormone levels. The expression pattern of SPS, with strong expression at the leaf axils, correlates well with the phenotypic defects. Our results indicate that control of shoot branching in Arabidopsis may be accomplished in part by suppression of axillary meristem initiation and growth through the localized attenuation of cytokinin levels at sites of bud initiation.

Arabidopsis↗