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Biomedical subjects

M Horowitz

Publications and source records attributed to M Horowitz.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effects of age on concentrations of plasma cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY and their relation to appetite and pyloric motility.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a decrease in appetite and a slowing of gastric emptying. The gastrointestinal hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) may mediate these changes. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether aging influenced the secretion of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY and their effects on appetite and pyloric motility. DESIGN: Eight healthy older (65-80 y) and 7 younger (20-34 y) men received isoenergetic (12.1 kJ/min) intraduodenal infusions of lipid and glucose for 120 min on separate days. Plasma CCK, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Plasma CCK concentrations were higher in older than in younger subjects (P = 0.004) as a result of higher baseline values (4.7+/-0.2 compared with 3.2+/-0.2 pmol/L; P < 0.0001) and a greater rise during lipid infusion (increase from baseline: 7.1+/-0.5 compared with 5.3+/-0.6 pmol/L; P = 0.048). Plasma GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were not significantly different between groups. The decrease in hunger during intraduodenal lipid infusion was inversely related to the increase in CCK, GLP-1, and PYY in younger but not older subjects. During intraduodenal lipid infusion, the increase in isolated pyloric pressure wave (IPPW) frequency was positively related to GLP-1 and PYY and the increase in IPPW amplitude was positively related to CCK in older but not younger subjects, whereas the increase in IPPW amplitude and pyloric tone was negatively related to GLP-1 and PYY in younger subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Human aging is associated with increased CCK concentrations, which may contribute to the slowing of gastric emptying, mediated by increased pyloric motility. The role of increased plasma CCK concentrations in mediating the age-related decrease in appetite remains to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Aneurysm retreatment after Guglielmi detachable coil and nondetachable coil embolization: report of nine cases and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms is becoming increasingly used to manage certain intracranial lesions based on aneurysm geometry, patient condition, and patient and surgeon preferences. Aneurysm recurrences or incomplete initial treatments are not uncommon, making repeat treatment necessary using either surgical or endovascular techniques. METHODS: Between January 1993 and June 1998, 1025 cerebral aneurysms were managed by the authors at a single hospital. One hundred twenty-four of these lesions were treated using Guglielmi detachable coils, and one was managed with nondetachable coils. During the follow-up period, eight patients who underwent embolization at our institution and one who underwent embolization elsewhere received repeat treatment. Five were approached surgically, and four underwent re-embolization. All charts and films were reviewed retrospectively to determine patient outcome and clinical success. RESULTS: No patient in the subgroup of this clinical study suffered a permanent complication from initial aneurysm coiling, no episodes of subsequent bleeding occurred, and no complications resulted from any subsequent therapies. The anatomic results were excellent, and all aneurysms were totally or near totally obliterated. CONCLUSION: Subtotal initial coil embolization of aneurysms can be managed safely using a variety of surgical and endovascular techniques. Our approach to this predicament, lessons we have learned, and a review of the literature are herein discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of erythromycin on gastric emptying is modified by physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether variations in the blood glucose concentration within the normal postprandial range affect the gastrokinetic action of erythromycin. METHODS: Six healthy male volunteers, aged 20-33 yr underwent measurements of gastric emptying on 2 separate days; blood glucose concentrations were maintained at approximately 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dl) on 1 day and at 8 mmol/L (144 mg/dl) on the other. The order of the two studies was randomized and they were separated by 4-7 days. On both days, erythromycin (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over 15 min immediately before consumption of 300 g minced beef labeled with 20 MBq 99mTc-sulphur colloid chicken liver and 150 ml water labeled with 67Ga-EDTA. RESULTS: Gastric emptying of solid (p < 0.05) and liquid (p < 0.0001) were slower at a blood glucose concentration of 8 mmol/L (144 mg/dl) when compared to 4 mmol/L (72 mg/dl). The slowing of gastric emptying was associated with greater retention of both solid and liquid in the proximal (p < 0.06) and distal (p < 0.01) stomach. CONCLUSIONS: After administration of erythromycin, gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of solids and liquids is influenced by physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between esophageal motility and transit in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: Delayed esophageal transit and abnormal esophageal motility occur frequently in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between transit and motility has not been assessed directly. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of esophageal motor function documented previously to have delayed esophageal emptying and esophageal transit in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Concurrent esophageal manometry and radionuclide measurement of transit of liquids and solids were performed in 11 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, 10 age-matched controls, and 11 young normal subjects. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes had a greater frequency of transit hold-up for solids (96%) than did older controls (65%) or young normals (42%) (p < 0.001), whereas the frequency of transit hold-up for liquid boluses was similar among the three groups (diabetics, 36%; older normals, 17%; young normals, 17%). The major mechanism responsible for bolus hold-up in diabetics was peristaltic failure (liquid, 52%; solid, 67%) and the level of hold-up coincided with the level of bolus hold-up for 10/11 liquid and 27/28 solid boluses. CONCLUSIONS: In insulin-dependent diabetes, retarded esophageal transit usually reflects either peristaltic failure or focal low-amplitude pressure waves.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Evidence that nitric oxide mechanisms regulate small intestinal motility in humans.

BACKGROUND: Non-cholinergic non-adrenergic neural mechanisms involving nerves containing NO have been shown to modulate smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, and it has been suggested that release from tonic NO inhibition may be important in the regulation of cyclical fasting small intestinal motility. AIMS: To evaluate the role of NO mechanisms in the regulation of fasting small intestinal motor activity in humans using a specific NO synthase inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine ( L-NMMA). METHODS: In seven healthy male volunteers, duodenal and jejunal pressures were measured for four hours with a nine lumen manometric catheter. Volunteers attended on four separate days on which they received an intravenous infusion either saline or L-NMMA (0.5, 2, or 4 mg/kg/h) in random order. Intravenous infusions began 10 minutes after completion of phase III of the migrating motor complex (MMC). RESULTS: The first episode of phase III activity occurred earlier after infusion of 2 and 4 mg/kg/h L-NMMA than after infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/h L-NMMA or saline (mean (95% confidence interval) 52 (36-68) and 57 (18-97) v 116 (69-193) and 145 (64-226) minutes respectively) with a resultant MMC cycle length of 82 (59-105) and 86 (46-126) v 132 (49-198) and 169 (98-240) minutes respectively. The total number of phase III activities during the four hour recording was increased (p<0.05) by L-NMMA at a dose of 4 mg/kg/h (2 (1-3)) but not at 2 mg/kg/h (1.5 (1-2)) or 0.5 mg/kg/h (1.3 (1-2)) compared with saline (1.3 (0.6-2)). L-NMMA had no effect on the duration, velocity, number of contractions per minute, length of migration, or site of origin of phase III of the MMC. The duration of phase I activity was shorter (p<0.05) with 4 mg/kg/h L-NMMA than with saline (12 (1-23) v 31 (19-44) minutes). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that NO mechanisms play a role in the regulation of fasting small intestinal motor activity in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of duodenal distension on antropyloroduodenal pressures and perception are modified by hyperglycemia.

Marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose approximately 15 mmol/l) affects gastrointestinal motor function and modulates the perception of gastrointestinal sensations. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of mild hyperglycemia on the perception of, and motor responses to, duodenal distension. Paired studies were done in nine healthy volunteers, during euglycemia ( approximately 4 mmol/l) and mild hyperglycemia ( approximately 10 mmol/l), in randomized order, using a crossover design. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were recorded with a manometric, sleeve-side hole assembly, and proximal duodenal distensions were performed with a flaccid bag. Intrabag volumes were increased at 4-ml increments from 12 to 48 ml, each distension lasting for 2.5 min and separated by 10 min. Perception of the distensions and sensations of fullness, nausea, and hunger were evaluated. Perceptions of distension (P < 0.001) and fullness (P < 0.05) were greater and hunger less (P < 0.001) during hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia. Proximal duodenal distension stimulated pyloric tone (P < 0.01), isolated pyloric pressure waves (P < 0.01), and duodenal pressure waves (P < 0.01). Compared with euglycemia, hyperglycemia was associated with increases in pyloric tone (P < 0.001), the frequency (P < 0.05) and amplitude (P < 0.01) of isolated pyloric pressure waves, and the frequency of duodenal pressure waves (P < 0.001) in response to duodenal distension. Duodenal compliance was less (P < 0.05) during hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia, but this did not account for the effects of hyperglycemia on perception. We conclude that both the perception of, and stimulation of pyloric and duodenal pressures by, duodenal distension are increased by mild hyperglycemia. These observations are consistent with the concept that the blood glucose concentration plays a role in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Physiological changes in blood glucose do not affect gastric compliance and perception in normal subjects.

Marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose approximately 14 mmol/l) slows gastric emptying and affects the perception of sensations arising from the gut. Elevation of blood glucose within the physiological range also slows gastric emptying. This study aimed to determine whether physiological changes in blood glucose affect proximal gastric compliance and/or the perception of gastric distension in the fasting state. Paired studies were conducted in 10 fasting healthy volunteers. On a single day, isovolumetric and isobaric distensions of the proximal stomach were performed using an electronic barostat while the blood glucose concentration was maintained at 4 and 9 mmol/l in random order. Sensations were quantified using visual analog scales. The blood glucose concentration had no effect on the pressure-volume relationship during either isovolumetric or isobaric distensions or the perception of gastric distension. At both blood glucose concentrations, the perceptions of fullness, nausea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, but not hunger or desire to eat, were related to intrabag volume (P </= 0.002) and pressure (P </= 0.01). We conclude that, in the fasted state, elevations of blood glucose within the physiological range do not affect proximal gastric compliance or the perception of gastric distension.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Validation of a novel luminal flow velocimeter with video fluoroscopy and manometry in the human esophagus.

There is currently no ideal method for concurrently assessing intraluminal pressures and flows in humans with high temporal resolution. We have developed and assessed the performance of a novel fiber-optic laser-Doppler velocimeter, mounted in a multichannel manometric assembly. Velocimeter recordings were compared with concurrent fluoroscopy and manometry following 50 barium swallows in healthy subjects. During these swallows, the velocimeter sensor was situated in either the proximal (24 swallows) or the distal (26 swallows) esophagus. It signaled intraluminal flow following 46 of 50 swallows. A greater mean number of deflections were recorded in the distal compared with the proximal esophagus (4. 3 vs. 2.4, P = 0.001). The maximal flow velocity recorded did not differ between the proximal and distal esophagus (76.7 vs. 73.8 mm/s). No velocimeter signals commenced after fluoroscopic lumen occlusion. The velocimeter signals were closely temporally related to fluoroscopic barium flow. Upward catheter movement on swallowing sometimes appeared to cause a velocimeter signal. Manometrically "normal" swallows were no different from "abnormal" swallows in the number and velocity of deflections recorded by the velocimeter. This novel instrument measures intraluminal flow velocity and pressures concurrently, thus enabling direct study of pressure-flow relationships. Flow patterns differed between the proximal and distal esophagus.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of diet on the response to leptin in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata.

The aim of this study was to determine in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata 1) the effect of leptin on food intake, body fat stores, and metabolism and 2) whether leptin can prevent a diet-induced increase in adiposity. In response to 21 days of feeding with mealworms (2.99 kcal/g, 30% fat), body weight (P < 0. 0001) and tail width (P < 0.0001) increased, compared with control animals fed with laboratory diet (1.01 kcal/g, 20% fat). Subsequently, S. crassicaudata were randomly allocated to receive either laboratory diet or a choice between laboratory diet and mealworms. For 13 days, one-half of the animals in each dietary group received intraperitoneal human leptin (2.5 mg/kg twice daily), while the other one-half received phosphate-buffered saline. In animals receiving laboratory diet alone, leptin induced a decrease in body weight (P < 0.0001), tail width (P < 0.0001), and energy intake (P < 0.01). In animals receiving both laboratory diet and mealworms, leptin had no effect on body weight or tail width, although the proportion of laboratory diet eaten was reduced (P = 0. 0001), and there was a nonsignificant fall in overall energy intake (P = 0.07). We conclude that in S. crassicaudata, 1) a high-calorie, higher-fat diet induces an increase in adiposity and 2) leptin induces weight loss, but 3) an increase in dietary calories and fat content is associated with resistance to the actions of leptin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Heat acclimation induces changes in cardiac mechanical performance: the role of thyroid hormone.

The involvement of reduced thyroxine level in the emergence of heat acclimation-induced negative lusitropic effect was examined. Experiments were carried out on 1) control rat hearts maintained at 24 +/- 1 degreesC (C); 2) rat hearts acclimated at 34 degreesC for 1 mo (AC); 3) AC-euthyroid rat hearts, via administration of thyroxine in the drinking water (AT); and 4) hypothyroid rat hearts, maintained at 24 +/- 1 degreesC, via administration of thiouracil in the drinking water (CP). Systolic pressure and velocities of contraction (dP/dt. P) and relaxation (-dP/dt. P) were measured using the Langendorff perfusion system. The steady-state levels of Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban mRNAs and the expression of the encoded proteins Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban (PLB) were measured, using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting, respectively. Rat thyroxine levels were measured using RIA. Heat acclimation, which brought about a reduced thyroxine level, led to downregulation of Ca2+-ATPase mRNA expression and translation and upregulation of phospholamban mRNA and PLB. Consequently, the PLB-to-SERCA ratio (PLB/SERCA) of the AC hearts showed a significant increase. These changes, as well as the greater pressure generation and the reduced dP/dt. P and -dP/dt. P observed in AC hearts were blunted in the AT hearts. Our data suggest that sustained heat acclimation-induced low thyroxine level has a decisive effect on the contractile machinery of the AC heart. Elevated PLB/SERCA apparently explains the negative lusitropic effect observed in these hearts.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Heat acclimation increases the basal HSP72 level and alters its production dynamics during heat stress.

It has been previously shown that heat acclimation leads to an elevated basal level of 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72). Augmented expression of HSP72 is considered as a cytoprotective response. This led us to hypothesize that alterations in the heat shock protein (HSP) defense pathway are an integral part of the heat acclimation repertoire. To investigate this, we studied the temporal profile of basal HSP expression upon acclimation and the dynamics of their accumulation subsequent to acute heat stress (HS). In parallel, HSP72 mRNA level before and after HS was measured. For comparison, HSC mRNA [the constitutive member of 70-kDa HSP (HSP70) family] was measured in similar conditions. Heat acclimation was attained by continuous exposure of rats to 34 degrees C for 0, 1, 2, and 30 days. HS was attained by exposure to 41 or 43 degrees C for 2 h. Thermoregulatory capacity of the rats was defined by rectal temperature, heating rate, and the cumulative heat strain invoked during HS. HSP72 and HSP70 gene transcripts were measured in the left ventricle of the heart by means of Western immunoblotting and semiquantitative RT-PCR, respectively. The resultant acclimatory change comprised a higher resting level of the encoded 72-kDa protein (Delta175%, P < 0.0001). After HS, peak HSP72 mRNA level was attained, 40 and 20 min post-HS at 41 and 43 degrees C, respectively, vs. 60 and 40 min in the nonacclimated group. The subsequent HSP synthesis, however, was dependent on the severity of the cumulative heat strain. At the initial phase of heat acclimation, augmented HSP72 transcription unaccompanied by HSP synthesis was observed. It is concluded that upon heat acclimation, the HSP defense pathway is predisposed to a faster response. At the initial phases of heat acclimation, inability to elevate the HSP cytosolic level rules out their direct cytoprotective role.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on short-term appetite and food intake in humans.

Animal studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) may be a physiological regulator of appetite; NO synthase (NOS) inhibition suppresses food intake in rats, mice, and chickens. It is not known whether NO has any effect on appetite in humans. We have used NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), both competitive, nonselective inhibitors of NOS, in two separate studies to evaluate the role of NO in the short-term regulation of appetite in humans. In study I, 13 men (18-25 yr) underwent paired studies, in randomized, double-blind fashion, after an overnight fast. L-NMMA (4 mg. kg-1. h-1) or saline (0.9%) was infused intravenously at a rate of 40 ml/h for 1.5 h. In study II, eight men (18-26 yr) underwent three randomized, double-blind studies after an overnight fast. L-NAME (75 or 180 micrograms . kg-1. h-1) or saline (0.9%) was infused intravenously at a rate of 20 ml/h for 120 min. Hunger and fullness were measured using visual analog scales; blood pressure and heart rate were monitored, and 30 min before the end of the infusion, subjects were offered a cold buffet meal. Total caloric intake and the macronutrient composition of the meal were determined. Both L-NMMA (P = 0.052) and L-NAME (P < 0.05; both doses) decreased heart rate, L-NMMA increased diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), and L-NAME increased systolic blood pressure (P = 0.052). Neither drug had any effect on caloric intake or sensations of hunger or fullness. Despite having significant effects on cardiovascular function in the doses used, neither L-NMMA nor L-NAME had any effect on feeding, suggesting that NO does not affect short-term appetite or food intake in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Heat acclimation and hypohydration: involvement of central angiotensin II receptors in thermoregulation.

This investigation attempted to confirm the involvement of central ANG II-ergic signals in thermoregulation. Experiments were conducted on rats undergoing short (STHA)- and long (LTHA)-term heat acclimation, with and without superimposed hypohydration. Vasodilatation (VTsh) and salivation (STsh) temperature thresholds, tail blood flow, and heat endurance were measured in conscious rats during heat stress (40 degrees C) before and after losartan (Los), an ANG II AT(1)-selective receptor antagonist, administration either to the lateral ventricle or intravenously. Heat acclimation alone resulted in decreased VTsh. STsh decreased during STHA and resumed the preacclimation value, together with markedly increased heat endurance on LTHA. Hypohydration did not affect this biphasic response, although STsh was elevated in all groups. The enhanced heat endurance attained by LTHA was blunted. Neither Los treatment affected the nonacclimated rats. In the heat-acclimated, euhydrated rats, intracerebroventricular Los resulted in decreased VTsh, whereas intravenous Los resulted in elevated STsh. Both intracerebroventricular and intravenous Los led to markedly enhanced heat endurance of the LTHA hypohydrated rats. It is concluded that the LTHA group showed a loss of the benefits acquired by acclimation on hypohydration, whereas the STHA rats, which show an accelerated autonomic excitability in that phase, gained some benefit. It is suggested that ANG II modulates thermoregulation in conditions of chronic adjustments. Central ANG II signals may lead to VTsh upshift, whereas circumventricular structures, activated via circulating ANG II, decrease STsh. On hypohydration these responses seem to be desensitized.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Heat stress induces ultrastructural changes in cutaneous capillary wall of heat-acclimated rock pigeon.

In heat-acclimated rock pigeons, cutaneous water evaporation is the major cooling mechanism when exposed at rest to an extremely hot environment of 50-60 degrees C. This evaporative pathway is also activated in room temperature by a beta-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) or an alpha-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) and inhibited by a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). In contrast, neither heat exposure nor drug administration activates cutaneous evaporation in cold-acclimated pigeons. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we studied the role of the ultrastructure and permeability of the cutaneous vasculature. During both heat stress and the administration of propranolol and clonidine, we observed increased capillary fenestration and endothelial gaps. Similarly, propranolol increased the extravasation of Evans blue-labeled albumin in the skin tissue. We concluded that heat acclimation reinforces a mechanism by which the activation of adrenergic signal transduction pathways alters microvessel permeability during heat stress. Consequently the flux of plasma proteins and water into the interstitial space is accelerated, providing an interstitial source of water for sustained cutaneous evaporative cooling.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

The physiological strain index applied to heat-stressed rats.

A physiological strain index (PSI) based on heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (Tre) was recently suggested to evaluate exercise-heat stress in humans. The purpose of this study was to adjust PSI for rats and to evaluate this index at different levels of heat acclimation and training. The corrections of HR and Tre to modify the index for rats are as follows: PSI = 5 (Tre t - Tre 0). (41.5 - Tre 0)-1 + 5 (HRt - HR0). (550 - HR0)-1, where HRt and Tre t are simultaneous measurements taken at any time during the exposure and HR0 and Tre 0 are the initial measurements. The adjusted PSI was applied to five groups (n = 11-14 per group) of acclimated rats (control and 2, 5, 10, and 30 days) exposed for 70 min to a hot climate [40 degrees C, 20% relative humidity (RH)]. A separate database representing two groups of acclimated or trained rats was also used and involved 20 min of low-intensity exercise (O2 consumption approximately 50 ml. min-1. kg-1) at three different climates: normothermic (24 degrees C, 40% RH), hot-wet (35 degrees C, 70% RH), and hot-dry (40 degrees C, 20% RH). In normothermia, rats also performed moderate exercise (O2 consumption approximately 60 ml. min-1. kg-1). The adjusted PSI differentiated among acclimation levels and significantly discriminated among all exposures during low-intensity exercise (P < 0.05). Furthermore, this index was able to assess the individual roles played by heat acclimation and exercise training.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Effect of heat acclimation and heat shock on oscillations of carbamyl-choline-evoked Ca2+ signal in HSY cell line.

We studied effects of heat acclimation (HA) and acute heat stress (HS) on Ca2+ signal oscillations following supramaximal carbamyl-choline (CCh) stimulation, using HSY cell line as a model. In the control cells, oscillations decreased their amplitude with time. HS alone did not change either oscillation amplitude or frequency, although calcium release to the cytosol upon CCh stimulation was faster. HA increased maximal oscillation amplitude only. There was no change in basal cytosolic calcium level and peak evoked signal in all experimental conditions. Collectively, the data suggest that HA affects the oscillation profile. Changes in the oscillation profile did not correlate with changes in the resting and evoked Ca2+ signal, which suggests that the oscillations are a separate target for heat acclimation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Hyperglycemia attenuates the gastrokinetic effect of erythromycin and affects the perception of postprandial hunger in normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The major aims of this study were to determine in normal subjects whether the effects of erythromycin on gastric emptying, postprandial hunger, and fullness are modified by the blood glucose concentration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 10 normal subjects (aged 20-39 years) underwent concurrent measurements of gastric emptying, blood glucose, hunger, and fullness on four separate occasions: twice during euglycemia (approximately 4 mmol/l) and twice during hyperglycemia (approximately 15 mmol/l). Either erythromycin (3 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%) was administered intravenously immediately before ingestion of a radioisotopically labeled solid meal. RESULTS: Gastric emptying was slower (P < 0.0001) during hyperglycemia when compared with euglycemia after both erythromycin and saline administration. During hyperglycemia, erythromycin reduced the lag phase (77.8 +/- 12.6 vs. 20.3 +/- 7.3 min; P < 0.05) but had no effect on the postlag emptying rate (0.32 +/- 0.077% per min vs. 0.24% per min). Hunger decreased (P < 0.001) and fullness increased (P < 0.001) after the meal. Postprandial hunger was less during hyperglycemia after saline infusion (P < 0.05) but not after erythromycin. Hunger was greater after erythromycin during both hyperglycemia and euglycemia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: At a blood glucose concentration of approximately 15 mmol/l, 1) gastric emptying of a solid meal is slower, when compared with euglycemia, even after administration of erythromycin; 2) the effect of erythromycin on gastric emptying of a solid meal is attenuated; and 3) the perception of postprandial hunger is reduced.

Adult↗