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Biomedical subjects

M Horowitz

Publications and source records attributed to M Horowitz.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effect of intravenous glucose and euglycemic insulin infusions on short-term appetite and food intake.

To investigate the short-term effects of insulin on feeding, 14 fasting, young adults received 150-min euglycemic intravenous infusions of control (C), low-dose (LD, 0.8 mU.kg-1.min-1), and high-dose (HD, 1.6 mU.kg-1.min-1) insulin and ate freely from a buffet meal during the last 30 min. Steady-state preprandial plasma insulin concentrations were 5.9 +/- 0.7 (C), 47 +/- 2 (LD), and 95 +/- 6 (HD) microU/ml and increased 56-59 microU/ml during the meal. No effect of treatment type of hunger or fullness ratings, duration of eating, or the weight, energy content (1,053 +/- 95 kcal, C; 1,045 +/- 101 kcal, LD; 1,066 +/- 107 kcal, HD; P = 0.9), and composition of food eaten was observed. On a fourth study day, 12 of the subjects received an intravenous infusion of glucose only (Glc) that was identical to the glucose infusion on their HD insulin day. Mean venous glucose concentration was 9.3 +/- 0.5 mmol [P < 0.001 vs. C (5.3 +/- 0.1), LD (5.2 +/- 0.2), and HD (5.2 +/- 0.2)], and plasma insulin increased to 45 +/- 2.3 microU/ml at the start and 242 +/- 36 microU/ml at the end of the meal. Energy intake during the meal was (approximately 15%) reduced (1,072 +/- 97 kcal, C; 1,086 +/- 102 kcal, LD; 1,088 +/- 105 kcal, HD; 919 +/- 115 kcal, Glc; P < 0.05 Glc vs. C, LD, and HD). Plasma insulin normally increases to approximately 100 microU/ml after a mixed meal in lean subjects. Therefore, in the absence of altered blood glucose concentrations, physiological concentrations of insulin are unlikely to play a role in meal termination and the short-term control of appetite.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of meal volume and posture on gastric emptying of solids and appetite.

The effects of volume and posture on gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of a solid meal and appetite were evaluated. Eight normal volunteers were studied on four occasions, on each of which a meal comprising ground beef mixed with tomato sauce of either 650 g ("large") or 217 g ("small") was eaten. Two studies were performed while the subject was lying in the left lateral decubitus position, and two studies were performed while the subject was sitting so that in each subject data were available for both meals and in both postures. Hunger and fullness were evaluated using a visual analog questionnaire. In both postures and after both meals, gastric emptying approximated a linear pattern after an initial lag phase. The lag phase was shorter for the large meal when compared with the small meal [sitting: large 13 +/- 5 vs. small 29 +/- 7 min; left lateral: large 16 +/- 3 vs. small 24 +/- 3 min, F(1, 7) = 46.3, P < 0.0005]. In both postures the contents of the total [F(1,7) = 1794.5, P < 0.0001], proximal [F(1,7) = 203.7, P < 0.0001], and distal [F(1,7) = 231.5, P < 0.0001] stomach were greater after the large meal when compared with the small meal. Although the 50% emptying time was greater with the large than the small meal [F(1,7) = 40.8, P < 0.001], the postlag emptying rate (g/min) was more rapid with the large meal [sitting: large 1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. small 1.1 +/- 0. 1 g/min; left lateral: large 1.8 +/- 0.1 vs. small 1.3 +/- 0.04 g/min, F(1,7) = 44.7, P < 0.0005]. There was a significant interaction between meal volume and posture for retention in the distal stomach [F(1,7) = 7.14, P < 0.05]. Contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of volume and posture between the four studies and demonstrated an effect of posture for the large [F(1,21) = 18.7, P < 0.005] but not the small [F(1,21) = 0.30, P = 0.60] meal so that the retention was greater in the sitting when compared with the left lateral position. The magnitude of the postprandial increase in fullness [F(1,7) = 7.8, P < 0.05] and reduction in hunger [F(1,7) = 5.9, P < 0.05] was greater with the large meal. We conclude that meal volume has a major effect on gastric emptying; in contrast posture has only a minor impact on intragastric meal distribution, which is observed only after a large meal, and no effect on gastric emptying.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Field trial of a diagnostic axis for defense mechanisms for DSM-IV.

Following critiques that the DSM multiaxial system lacks psychodynamic information useful for treatment, an axis for defense mechanisms was developed for DSM-IV, including up to 7 individual defenses from a glossary of 27, and 3 predominant defense levels from a list of 7. We tested the feasibility, reliability, and discriminability of the proposed axis. Clinician and psychiatric resident volunteers were trained at two U.S. and one Norwegian sites. After conducting initial interviews on 107 patients, they rated the DSM-III-R and defense axes, as did a second blind rater. Median kappa reliabilities were .42 (individual defenses), and .47 (defense levels). A summary measure, Overall Defensive Functioning (ODF), had similar reliability to current GAF (IR .68 vs. .62), similar 1-month stability (.75 vs. .78), but greater 6-month stability (.51 vs. .17). Independent of Axis III, ODF had small to moderate associations with other Axes and symptoms. Our findings indicate that the defense axis is a feasible, acceptably reliable, and nonredundant addition to DSM-IV, which may prove useful for planning and conducting treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Modification and validation of a single-isotope radiocalcium absorption test.

UNLABELLED: This study was done to establish and allow for the influence of body weight on plasma radioactivity after administering radiocalcium to measure calcium absorption. METHODS: We administered 5 microCi 45Ca in 20 mg of calcium carrier in 250 ml distilled water to 103 premenopausal volunteers over the age of 40 yr, after an overnight fast. Venous blood was withdrawn when the dose was given (to serve as a blank) and exactly 60 min later, and the counts were determined in a liquid scintillation counter. After the exclusion of three outliers, the fraction of the administered dose per liter of plasma at 60 min was a curvilinear inverse function of body weight and a positive linear function of the reciprocal of body weight, with an r value of 0.45 (p < 0.001). This latter relationship then was used to correct the plasma radioactivity to a standard body weight of 65 kg, in which the volume of distribution of the dose was assumed to be 10 liters. This yielded the estimated fraction of the dose circulating at 1 hr, which then was converted into a fractional absorption rate from our previously published equation. RESULTS: In the 100 volunteers, the mean value of the radiocalcium absorption rate (termed alpha2, to distinguish it from our original calculation) was 0.75/hr, with 98 of the 100 values falling between 0.30 and 1.20. The value alpha2 was significantly related to serum calcitriol in these 100 volunteers (r = 0.29; p = 0.003) and in 89 normal postmenopausal women (r = 0.46; p < 0.001). It also was significantly related to the 24-hr urine calcium in the same 89 women (r = 0.48; p < 0.001) and to net calcium absorption corrected for intake in balance studies on another 103 postmenopausal women (r = 0.44; p < 0.001). In most respects, alpha2 was marginally superior to alpha1 but, unlike alpha1, was independent of body weight. CONCLUSION: The modified low-carrier radiocalcium absorption test is a valid indicator of calcium absorption status over a wide range of calcium intakes and is independent of body weight.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1998

Effect of recent alcohol intake on parathyroid hormone and mineral metabolism in men.

The mechanisms by which alcohol intake, particularly moderate alcohol intake, effects bone metabolism are poorly defined. We have examined the relationship between mineral metabolism and recent self-reported alcohol intake (SRAI) across a wide range of such intakes in a series of 104 men aged 32 to 78 years of age in an outpatient setting. A morning nonfasting urine, serum specimen and recent SRAI were obtained from each subject. SRAI was reported as between 0 and 45 oz/week. SRAI correlated positively with liver function tests, including serum bilirubin (r = 0.30, p = 0.002), alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.30, p = 0.004), and aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) (r = 0.29, p = 0.006). SRAI correlated with serum calcium corrected for albumin (r = -0.39, p < 0.001), estradiol (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (r = -0.51, p < 0.001), as well as urinary calcium (per 100 mg of creatinine) (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). We have arbitrarily divided the participants into two groups on the basis of their reported alcohol intake. Individuals in the first group had intakes ranging from none to moderate intake (drank 8.4 oz or less of ethanol per week, equivalent to an average of two drinks daily or less). Those in the second group had moderate or heavier intake, with >8.4 oz of ethanol intake/week. Mean serum iPTH was significantly greater in those in the first group (none to moderate), compared with the second group (moderate or heavier) (56.0 +/- 3.4 and 39.9 +/- 2.0 pM/liter, respectively). Calcium corrected for serum albumin was significantly greater in individuals in the first, compared with the second, group (9.23 +/- 0.05 vs. 8.88 +/- 0.07 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, urinary calcium (corrected per 100 mg of creatinine) was significantly lower in the former, compared with the latter (3.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 1.1 mg/100 mg of creatinine, respectively). Similarly, urinary excretion of collagen crosslinks (corrected per 100 mg of creatinine) was significantly less in men in the second group, compared with the first group (316 +/- 38 vs. 530 +/- 78 nM/100 mg of creatinine, respectively). Not surprisingly, a series of correlations between iPTH and age, 250-hydroxyvitamin D, and testosterone were significant in individuals with none to moderate SRAI, but not moderate or heavier SRAI. Significant independent predictors of serum iPTH in the entire group of men were age (beta = 0.215, p = 0.025), SRAI (beta = -0.281, p = 0.003), 250-hydroxyvitamin D (beta = -0.309, p = 0.002), and testosterone (beta = -184, p = 0.048). We have concluded that, in free-living men, alcohol intake >8.4 oz/week was associated with decreased serum iPTH concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Decreased glucose utilisation does not increase food intake in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata.

The marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata increases food intake following a fast. However, the role of metabolic fuel availability, in particular glucose, in the regulation of food intake in this animal is unknown. In this study, we have demonstrated that neither insulin-induced hypoglycaemia nor metabolic blockade of glucose utilisation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose effects food intake compared to saline-treated controls, suggesting that mechanisms other than glucose availability are important in the regulation of food intake in this marsupial. These data are discussed in the context of the role of glucoprivation in feeding in other mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Spatial patterns of fasting and fed antropyloric pressure waves in humans.

1. Gastric mechanics were investigated by categorizing the temporal and spatial patterning of pressure waves associated with individual gastric contractions. 2. In twelve healthy volunteers, intraluminal pressures were monitored from nine side hole recording points spaced at 1.5 cm intervals along the antrum, pylorus and duodenum. 3. Pressure wave sequences that occurred during phase II fasting contractions (n = 221) and after food (n = 778) were evaluated. 4. The most common pattern of pressure wave onset along the antrum was a variable combination of antegrade, synchronous and retrograde propagation between side hole pairs. This variable pattern accounted for 42% of sequences after food, and 34% during fasting (P < 0.05). Other common pressure wave sequence patterns were: purely antegrade-29% after food and 42% during fasting (P < 0.05); purely synchronous-23% fed and 17% fasting; and purely retrograde-6% fed and 8% fasting. The length of sequences was shorter after food (P < 0.05). Some sequences 'skipped' individual recording points. 5. The spatial patterning of gastric pressure wave sequences is diverse, and may explain the differing mechanical outcomes among individual gastric contractions. 6. Better understanding of gastric mechanics may be gained from temporally precise correlations of luminal flows and pressures and gastric wall motion during individual gastric contraction sequences.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Food intake and food choice: the role of the endogenous opioid peptides in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata.

Endogenous opioid peptides activate food seeking behaviour and influence macronutrient choice in a number of animal species and previous studies have suggested that the palatability of food is strongly modulated by the opioid feeding system. The effect of opioid peptides on appetite and food choice in marsupials has not been evaluated. The aim of these studies was to determine the effect of mu, delta and K opioid receptors on food intake and food choice in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata. When offered a choice of mealworms or laboratory diet after 24 h food deprivation, S. crassicaudata ate predominantly mealworms. After a 24 h fast, adult male S. crassicaudata were injected peripherally with opioid receptor antagonists or saline. Animals were re-fed with either their laboratory diet alone, or a choice of laboratory diet and mealworms. In animals re-fed with laboratory diet alone, naloxone at doses of 15 and 10 mg/kg produced a 31% (P < 0.05) and 38% (P < 0.05) respectively reduction in food intake in the first 30 min after laboratory diet was re-introduced, but lower doses had no effect. The selective delta antagonist naltrindole at 20 mg/kg resulted in a 65% (P < 0.01) reduction in food intake compared to controls between 30 and 60 min. The selective kappa opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine had no effect on the intake of laboratory diet. In animals offered a choice of laboratory diet and mealworms, naloxone doses of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg significantly decreased intake in the first 0.5 h after re-feeding, due to a preferential suppression of the intake of mealworms. Naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine had no effect on food choice. These studies demonstrate that endogenous opioid peptides influence both food intake and choice in S. crassicaudata and that the role of the opioid feeding system is in part modulated by food palatability. In S. crassicaudata these effects appear to occur predominantly by a mu opioid receptor mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation: considerations for donors.

Allogeneic transplantation of cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) is now being increasingly performed, but safety considerations for hematologically normal PBSC donors have not been fully addressed. Progenitors are generally mobilized for collection from normal donors using recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). Although the short-term safety profile of rhG-CSF seems acceptable, experience remains limited and its optimal dose and schedule have not been defined. Minimal data exist regarding long-term safety of rhG-CSF, primarily derived from experience in patients with chronic neutropenia or cancer. An "ad hoc" workshop was recently convened among a group of investigators actively involved in the field of allogeneic stem cell transplantation to discuss the safety issues pertaining to normal PBSC donors. There was agreement on the following points: (1) On the basis of available data, it appears that rhG-CSF treatment and PBSC collection have an acceptable short-term safety profile in normal donors. However, the need for continued safety monitoring was recognized. (2) rhG-CSF doses up to 10 microg/kg/d show a consistent dose-response relationship with the mobilization (and collection) of CD34+ progenitor cells, and this dose is acceptable for routine clinical use. Whether higher doses are superior (or cost effective) remains to be determined, and they may produce more severe side effects. The potential risks of marked leukocytosis (arbitrarily defined as a leukocyte count of more than 70 x 10(9)/L) have been a concern, and rhG-CSF dose reduction is performed by many centers to maintain leukocyte counts below this level. (3) Transient post donation cytopenias, involving granulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, may occur and are at least partly related to the leukapheresis procedure. These are generally asymptomatic and self-limited; follow-up blood counts are not necessarily required. Reinfusion of autologous platelet-rich plasma should be considered for donors with expected postdonation thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 80 to 100 x 10(9)/L). (4) Donors should meet the eligibility criteria which apply to donors of apheresis platelets, with the exception that pediatric donors may also be considered. Any deviation from these criteria should have supporting documentation. There is insufficient information at this time to clearly establish definite contraindications for PBSC collection in a hematologically normal donor. Potential contraindications include the presence of inflammatory, autoimmune, or rheumatologic disorders, as well as atherosclerotic or cerebrovascular disease. (5) The creation of an International PBSC Donor Registry is desirable to facilitate monitoring the long-term effects of the procedure. Individual institutions or donor centers are encouraged to establish their own PBSC donor follow-up system, preferably with a standardized approach to data collection.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Identification of factors regulating the expression of the human glucocerebrosidase gene.

Gaucher disease, the most prevalent sphingolipid disorder, is characterized by an accumulation of sphingolipids mainly in cells of the reticuloendothelial cells, and is due to decreased activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). The corresponding gene is expressed differentially, namely in different cell types there are different GCase steady-state mRNA levels. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, DNase footprinting and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assays were employed in order to unravel some of the transcription factors responsible for the differential expression of the glucocerebrosidase (gcs) gene. The results indicate that OCTA binding protein, AP-1, PEA3 and a CAAT binding protein participate in regulating the expression of the gcs gene. The availability of the transcription factors seems to control the level of transcription of the gcs gene.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1997

Heat acclimation and heat stress have different effects on cholinergic muscarinic receptors.

In this brief report we have proved that membranal changes take place upon short-term heat acclimation. These changes may switch on a cascade of transient acclimatory compensatory responses as well as long-term processes. The changes observed in the MR profile are heat acclimation specific, and differ from those observed upon heat stress. These bring about functional changes in the signal transduction pathway for water secretion in the submaxillary salivary gland. A recovery period from heat stress, similar to STHA, leads to MR upregulation and decreased binding affinity. This response, however, is more pronounced than that observed upon STHA. The functional importance of the phenomenon is unclear. However, it could designate a novel component of the heat shock response.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1997

Cytokine mRNA in Gaucher disease.

Gaucher disease, the most common glycolipid storage disease, is caused by glucocerebrosidase deficiency, resulting in accumulation of glucocerebrosides within the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. The disease is characterized by great phenotypic heterogeneity, which can be explained only in part by the various mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene, and by the amount of storage material in affected organs and tissues. Therefore, it has been postulated that some of the biochemical and clinical features may be related to the fact that "Gaucher" cells, as activated macrophages, express and release cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-alpha which play a role in different physiological processes. In the present study, cytokine mRNA expression was measured in monocytes isolated from Gaucher patients and from healthy controls, using RT-PCR methodology with semiquantitative analysis. We found significantly increased expression of IL-1beta mRNA, as well as a trend to elevated TNF-alpha mRNA in Gaucher patients relative to healthy individuals. There were no statistically significant differences between Gaucher disease patients and controls with respect to two other tested cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8).

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The response to calcitriol therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women is a function of initial calcium absorptive status.

Calcitriol is used in the treatment of osteoporosis but the indications for its use have not been clearly defined. Because it stimulates calcium absorption, we have tended to select osteoporotic patients with low calcium absorption for this therapy and now report the results. We measured the hourly fractional rate of calcium absorption (alpha) with 45Ca and fasting urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) and hydroxyproline/creatinine (OHPr/Cr) in 103 postmenopausal women aged 68 (0.67SE) years with vertebral compression fractures (77) or forearm or vertebral bone density below the young normal range (26). They were given 0.25 microg daily of calcitriol (Rocaltrol, Roche, Basle, Switzerland) with a 1 g calcium supplement daily for 6-12 weeks, when the biochemical tests were repeated. Initial OHPr/Cr was inversely related to initial alpha (P = 0.001) and positively to initial Ca/Cr (P < 0.001). alpha rose on therapy from 0.47 (0.018) to 0.59 (0.018) per hour (P < 0. 001) and OHPr/Cr fell in the whole group from 19.1 (0.83) to 13.8 (0. 58) (P < 0.001). The change in alpha on therapy (corrected for the "regression to the mean effect") was inversely related to initial alpha (P < 0.001) as was the change in OHPr/Cr (P = 0.001). There was no relationship, however, between initial Ca/Cr and either the rise in alpha or the fall in OHPr/Cr on therapy. The data support the concept that low calcium absorption is a cause of negative calcium balance in postmenopausal osteoporosis and that the effectiveness of calcitriol therapy is inversely related to the initial rate of calcium absorption.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Physiological hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying in normal subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Marked hyperglycemia slows and hypoglycemia accelerates gastric emptying. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of physiological changes in blood glucose gastric emptying. METHODS: In 8 healthy subjects and 9 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) without gastrointestinal tract symptoms or evidence of neuropathy, gastric emptying of a mixed meal was measured by scintigraphy. Using an insulin-glucose clamp, the blood glucose concentration was stabilized at 4 and 8 mmol/L on 2 separate days. RESULTS: The intragastric retention of the solid meal component at 100 minutes was 55.2% +/- 4.5% at 8 mmol/L vs. 36.7% +/- 5.5% at 4 mmol/L (P = 0.004) in normal subjects and 44.2% +/- 4.2% vs. 35.7% +/- 4.2% (P = 0.004) in patients with IDDM. The time taken for 50% emptying of the liquid meal was 57.0 +/- 10.8 minutes at 8 mmol/L vs. 32.2 +/- 12.6 minutes at 4 mmol/L (P = 0.002) in normal subjects and 41.3 +/- 3.4 minutes vs. 29.1 +/- 3.5 minutes (P = 0.002) in patients with IDDM. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in blood glucose within the normal postprandial range have a significant impact on gastric emptying in both normal subjects and patients with IDDM.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Desmopressin for nocturnal incontinence in the spina bifida population.

PURPOSE: We report our experience with the use of desmopressin in the spina bifida population that is dry during the day but wet at night. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1994 to 1996, 18 patients with myelodysplasia were treated with desmopressin for persistent nocturnal enuresis. Initial dose was 40 mcg. before bedtime, decreased by intervals of 10 mcg. every 3 weeks. Patients were kept on the minimum dose required to keep them dry. We reviewed morning catheterized volumes, side effects and dosages needed to stay dry, and compared augmented patients with nonaugmented patients. RESULTS: Of 18 patients 14 (78%) reported marked improvement in nocturnal enuresis. Of 6 augmented patients 5 (83%) are dry compared to 9 of 12 nonaugmented patients (75%). There were no adverse side effects from the use of desmopressin. Average dose to stay dry was 20 mcg. for augmented and 30 mcg. for nonaugmented patients. Of the 4 patients who had persistent nocturnal incontinence despite desmopressin 3 (75%) became dry with a single catheterization in the middle of the night. CONCLUSIONS: Desmopressin is successful in treating nocturnal enuresis in the spina bifida patient with diurnal continence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Body composition and age in African-American and Caucasian women: relationship to plasma leptin levels.

Leptin is a recently isolated peptide hormone released from adipocytes that has been postulated to play a role in appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Aging affects both food intake and body composition. Body composition is also affected by ethnicity. We have evaluated the relationships between serum leptin levels, age, body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and hormonal parameters in a cross-sectional study of 94 women, 53 African-American (AAF) and 41 Caucasian (CF). Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) changes in body composition would be related to age in a sinusoidal pattern, (2) changes in serum leptin would parallel changes in body fat, (3) serum leptin levels would be influenced by body fat distribution, and (4) serum leptin would be related to serum concentrations of sex hormones. Serum leptin paralleled changes in body fat and body mass index (BMI) with age. In the entire group, serum leptin correlated closely with measures of body fat, including BMI and total fat mass, and there was no difference in leptin levels between the two ethnic groups. In simple regression analysis, serum leptin was related to both serum estradiol and testosterone. The relationship between serum leptin and trunk fat was linear in both groups, but significantly different in AAF and CF (P = .014). Serum leptin was associated with the trunk to lower-extremity fat ratio in CF (r = .67, P = .001) but not in AAF. Body fat was increased with advancing age until about 65 years and then declined. Measures of lean body mass declined linearly with age in the entire group, as well as both subgroups. In the entire group, total lean body mass and lean body mass corrected for BMI (lean body mass/BMI) were inversely related to age. In subjects aged less than 60 years AAF were stronger (P < .05) and had both a larger BMI and fat mass (P < .05) than CF. However, the patterns of age-related changes in fat body mass, lean body mass, and BMI were similar in both groups. In the entire group, multiple regression analysis indicated that the age, free thyroxine index (FTI), and leptin concentration were predictors of the body composition and distribution of trunk to lower-body fat. These observations indicate that there is a sinusoidal relationship between body fat and age, with a decline in body fat in extreme old age in both AAF and CF, and that serum leptin concentrations are more closely related to body fat and BMI than to age or ethnicity.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗