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M Hora

Publications and source records attributed to M Hora.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Urological complications of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus--long-term follow-up of one patient.

A male with a severe form of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (diuresis 10 l per day) had megaureters, megavesica, large residuum and a history of three traumatic ruptures of the megavesica and a recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI). Hemodialysis was introduced at 41 years of age. At age of 42, he underwent a bilateral retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy to prevent further RUTI and 8 months later transplantation of a cadaver kidney. Intermittent catheterization is necessary due to residual urine in the urinary bladder.

Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic↗
PubMed2005

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with microcystic and adenomatous arrangement and pigmentation--a diagnostic pitfall. Morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic report of 20 cases.

We present clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic features of 20 cases of a peculiar form of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) with morphology differing from that of conventional CRCC. Microscopically, the typical features of the tumors were microcystic arrangement and formation of adenomatous structures. Microcystic areas were composed of smaller eosinophilic and bigger pale cells having cytological appearance typical of conventional CRCC. Cytological features of the adenomatous structures were mostly different from those of conventional CRCC. They had a typical columnar arrangement with nuclei positioned at the base of the glandular structures and a small amount of a deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm often endowed with brush border facing the lumen of the glands. In addition, all the tumors showed a brown pigmentation. The pigmentation was located mostly extracellularly, where it formed pools of heavy deposits. Microscopic calcifications present in all cases formed psammoma bodies or else the calcifications were more extensive and amorphous in shape. Ultrastructurally, the cells showed features characteristic of CRCC: typical cytoplasmic vesicles were 100-700 nm in size and mitochondria had tubulovesicular, lamellar or circular cristae. Some tumor cells contained dark, variously sized electron-dense pigment granules. Neither melanosomes nor membrane-bound neurosecretory granules were seen. Using fluorescence in-situ hybridization probes for chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 21, the tumors revealed massive loss of tested chromosomes typical for conventional CRCC. Monosomy of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13 and 21 was found in 100, 36, 91, 82, 82, 82 and 64% of cases, respectively. None of the cases showed mutation of exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of the c-kit gene. The important feature of pigmented microcystic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a relatively benign biological behavior and the absence of distant metastases and sarcomatoid transformation.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗
PubMed2005

[Tumorous diseases in patients with the testicular feminization syndrome ("androgen insensitivity" syndrome)--description of two cases].

OBJECTIVE: To describe tumors occurring in two cases of testicular feminization syndrome. SUBJECT: Case report. SETTING: Dpt. of Special Diagnostics SPAU, University Hospital Plzen. SUBJECT AND METHOD: Two cases of testicular feminization syndrome were selected from four cases in our registry. Patients were 45 and 84-year-old Caucasian "females". Resected material was fixed in formaldehyde, routinely processed and stained with hematoxiline-eosin, inhibin, cytokeratines 20, placentar alkaline phosphatase, CD 99, Melan A, hCG. Sertoli cell adenoma was diagnosed in both patients. Older patient had in addition unclassified sex cord tumor of Leydig cell type. The number of sex chromosomes was examined using FISH analysis in both patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with testicular feminization syndrome are frequently affected by benign or malignant tumors in the cryptorchid testes. We documented two benign Sertoli cell adenomas and one sex cord tumor of uncertain biological behavior in our patients. The testes should be removed after puberty with subsequent estrogen therapy in patients with testicular feminization syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Miniinvasive laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy for the parenchymal tumor].

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic (LRNE) or retroperitoneoscopic (RRNE) radical nefrectomy originally published in 1991, respectively in 1993, began to be introduced in common practice at the end of the 20th century. In this work we summarize our findings gathered upon introduction of these methods. SUBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY: We present a group of 50 miniinvasive nephrectomies conducted during 2003-2004 (46 LRNE and 4 RRNE). LRNE was combined with ipsilateral adrenalectomy in five cases and with cholecystectomy in three cases (in all cases the LRNE was on the right side). RESULTS: The mean age of the patient subjects was 65 +/- 11 years (34-81). The blood loss was 134 +/- 201 ml (30-1200). The tumor size according to the CT was 50 +/- 13 mm (30-82). Histologically, 45x renal carcinomas, 4x oncocytomas, 1 x urothelial carcinomas were diagnosed. The drain was removed 2.1 +/- 0.9 days following the surgery. The mean hospitalization time was 6.1 +/- 1.6 days (4-9). Only a single major, however lethal, complication arised: In a 74-year old female, the left-sided LRNE due to the carcinoma pT3bG2 and at the same time vaginal hysterectomy, extraction of the renal preparation through the vagina and anterior and posterior vaginoplasty (for a prolaps) were conducted. The patient was repeatedly revised for haemoperitoneum and she exited on the 18th postoperative day due to pneumonia. The mean duration of the LRNE was 168 +/- 40 minutes (80-265). The combined LRNE and cholecystomic procedure lasted 265 minutes. The mean duration of the LRNE with CHE was 213 minutes, and of the LRNE with adrenalectomy was 170 minutes. In 4 cases of the RRNE (indicated three times due to preceeding major surgical procedures in the abdominal cavity and once for the Crohn's disease) the mean duration was 203 minutes. CONCLUSION: Miniinvasive RNE in TI tumors is a modem reproducible methodology suitable for application in clinical practice. The laparoscopic approach appears more appropriate. The retroperitoneoscopic approach is indicated mainly in cases of postoperative adhesions in the abdominal cavity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Renal angiomyolipoma, histology, diagnostics and therapy].

BACKGROUND: Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign mezenchymal tumour with prevalence of 0.3-3% of all surgically resected renal tumours. Tumour is often associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or with another fakomatosis. Tumour has typical pathological image in computer tomography notation that enables the diagnosis. Symptomatology and possible complications depend on the tumour size. Large or symptomatic tumours are indicated for resection, nephrectomy or local ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: 612 patients with renal tumour were operated at the Department of Urology faculty hospital in Pilsen. Angiomyolipoma occurred in 7 patients. Average age at the time of operation was 64 years, ratio female and male was 5:2. Clinical symptomatology was expressed in 3 patients. The size of tumour was 2 to 8 cm, in 5 patient the tumors were solitary. Translumbal tumour resection was performed in 3 patients. These tumours were at the same time multifocal. Suspicion from tuberous sclerosis was pronounced in some care. The angiomyolipoma was accidentally found in 2 cases of nephrectomy, which was indicated for other diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We define diagnosis by means of CT notation in the most of patients. This notation is not typical by any version of angiomyolipoma and we choose therefore surgical revision.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Spindle cell and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma (loopoma). 10 case reports].

BACKGROUND: Current classification systems of neoplasms arising from renal parenchyma distinguish 5 categories of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), i.e. conventional RCC, papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, collecting duct/medullary RCC and unclassified RCC. We present 13 cases of unusual and unclassified spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinomas. METHODS AND RESULTS: The studied group consisted of 13 patients (7 men and 6 women). They ranged in age from 22 to 65 years (mean 57.3). Generally, the tumours were well circumscribed and confined to the kidney, whitish to grey on section with a diameter 4.5-13 cm (mean 8.6 cm). One patient was investigated for loin pain and nocturia. Three patients had staghorn nephrolithiasis and vague sonographic findings in renal parenchyma. In one patient the renal tumour was found when examined on follow-up examination for prostatic adenocarcinoma. None of our patients was known to have elevated levels of parathyroid hormone due to hyperplasia, adenoma or carcinoma of the parathyroid gland. Clinical follow-up of the patients ranged from 9 months to 8 years (mean 2.3 years). Microscopically, the tumours were composed of two main populations of cells: flattened, spindle cells with sparse cytoplasm and small cuboidal cells with clear to light eosinophilic cytoplasm. Eight patients are currently well without signs of recurrence or metastasis, one had metastasis in the regional lymph node at the time of nephrectomy, one died of unrelated cause, and three were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We present 13 cases of unclassified RCC. Our cases were histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally similar to the hitherto reported case reports of this variant of RCC. It is obvious, that that variant of RCC should be recognised as a new subtype of RCC.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Papillary renal cell carcinoma surrounded by unusual fibrotic reaction resembling inflammatory pseudotumour--a case report].

Authors report clinicopathological features of an unusual case of composite renal lesion occuring in 32-year-old Caucasian male. The patient was followed for cystic lesion of retroperitoneal-renal region for 5 years. He was indicated for resection of the cystic lesion because of changes of the retroperitoneal mass on CT scan. A cyst was located on upper renal pole. A huge cystic mass filled mainly by necrotic material was resected and submitted for histological examination. The wall of the cyst was composed of fibrous tissue, indistinguishable from inflammatory pseudotumor on histological level. The vital intracystic tissue was formed by well-differentiated papillary renal cell carcinoma. The most important step within differential diagnosis is distinguishing of sarcomatoid differentiation in renal cell carcinoma. This very rare case demonstrates the importance of careful examination of all spindle cell lesions of the kidney.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Urologic complications in pelvic injuries].

OBJECTIVE: Urological complications of pelvic fractures include in particular rupture of the urinary bladder (RUB), injury of the posterior urethra (IPU) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The authors present their own group of patients and in particular the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm in IPU. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the Plzen Faculty Hospital in 1/1998 to 8/2002 a total of 19 patients were treated with serious urological complications of pelvic fractures--9x RUB, 11x IPU (once with RUB). RUB was in one instance intraperitoneal, in the remainder extraperitoneal. RESULTS: IPU was without dislocation 6x, with dislocation 5x. Primary "realignment" of the urethra was made in 6 patients (in dislocations and in concurrent rupture of the bladder). In the remaining 5 an epicystostomy was established. In 4 after an interval of 3 months a posterior resection urethroplasty was made because of a distraction defect. One patient with a distraction defect was referred to the urological department of the catchment area and in another patient after-treatment is planned. Severe ED developed in 6 IPU of 10, always in dislocations of the urethra. In one patient we lack information on erections. CONCLUSION: When IPU is suspected (urethrorhagia), dislocation of the prostate on examination p.r.) ascendent urethrography and IVU are essential. Do not catheterize before completed examination. Then needle epicystostomy is performed, in major dislocations of the urinary bladder or in associated injuries primary "realignment" of the urethra open on a catheter or endoscopically. In distraction defects after 12 weeks a posterior resection plastic operation follows.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Renal artery embolism].

Renal artery embolism (RAE) is a rare disease. Urgent treatment is necessary, as ischaemia can cause irreversible kidney damage in 60 to 90 minutes. RAE frequently clinically manifests as a pain similar to renal colic. Source of embolus is predominantly the heart at atrial fibrillation. Laboratory findings are unspecific. Ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging is essential. Kidney perfusion is low and upper urinary tract is undilated. Renal function can be recognized by intravenous urography and at renal scintigraphy. In angiography, renal artery is closed with thromboembolus. With no delay, transcatheter clot aspiration should be performed and fibrinolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator) should be topically administered. Continual heparinisation and later warfarinisation should follow. In spite of successful revascularisation, parameters of kidney function can almost never reach that prior the RAE and shrinkage of kidney becomes a frequent consequence. Treatment can be successful even in patients with renal occlusion lasting over 90 minutes, since occlusion is often incomplete or significant collateral blood supply exists. In conclusion, renal artery embolism must be considered in cases of flank pain in patients with certain risk actors (especially atrial fibrillation). Ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging and urgent angiography of the renal artery are necessary in these cases. Thromboembolus can be then aspirated, and kidney perfused with fibrinolytic agent.

Embolism↗
PubMed2002

Spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, a tumour having frequent association with nephrolithiasis: report of 11 cases including a case with hybrid conventional renal cell carcinoma/ spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma components.

AIMS: We present the largest series of an unclassified subtype of renal cell carcinoma, which seems to be a distinct morphological entity and which is sometimes designated as spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma were found among 7000 primary renal cell tumours in Pilsen's routine and consultation files. The patients were five men and six women. They ranged in age from 22 to 65 years (mean 56.8). Microscopically, the tumours were composed of two main populations of cells. First, the preponderant type of cells was formed by flattened, spindle cells with sparse cytoplasm. The second cell type was a small cuboidal cell with clear to light eosinophilic cytoplasm. Spindle-shaped cells were arranged in a fascicular pattern often reminiscent of low-grade smooth muscle tumours. Solid areas of spindle cells were also present. Small cuboidal cells formed sparse tubular structures lined by a row of single cells. In addition to all previous published cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma we observed an association of nephrolithiasis in our cases. It was seen in 3/11 of our patients. A previously unreported feature is the occurrence of a conventional renal cell carcinoma component in one of our cases. Seven of our patients are currently well without signs of recurrence or metastasis, one had metastasis in a regional lymph node at the time of nephrectomy, one died of an unrelated condition, and two were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We present 11 cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, which is believed to be a distinctive morphological entity. Our cases were histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally similar to the previously reported cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma. In contrast to all previously reported cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, we observed an association with nephrolithiasis in three of our cases; moreover, one of our tumours had a conventional renal cell carcinoma component and another revealed a metastatic focus in a regional lymph node. None of our patients died of the disease. This study confirms that spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma has a low malignant potential.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Metanephric adenoma. 11 case reports and detection of collagen spherules in one tumor].

Eleven cases of metanephric adenoma are reported. The tumors were selected out of 6500 tumorous and pseudotumorous lesions of the kidney in our registry. Female to male ratio was 1:1.2. The average age of the patients was 48.3 years, with a range of 13-79 years. The mean size of the tumors was 7.2 cm. The tumors were spherical in shape, whitish to yellowish in colour. Histologically, they were arranged in a mainly tubular pattern with short pseudopapillae. The tumorous cells were deeply eosinophilic to basophilic with predominantly round nuclei. Psammomatous bodies were numerous. Immunohistochemically, they reacted positively with antibodies against cytokeratins, vimentin, and WT1. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm contained mitochondria, RER, and ribosomes. A collagenous spherulosis, identical with those in salivary gland and mammary tumors, was revealed in one case. The spherules were located mainly inside tubular structures. Ultrastructurally, they were composed of basement membrane-like material, which was surrounded by epithelial cells. Follow-up all of our patients was negative (if known) for 10 months to 4 years.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

[Histologic classification of kidney tumors for clinical practice in adults].

Kidney tumors represent a wide scale of histological observations. However, only angiomyolipoma can be recognised preoperatively from results of the graphical examination. Other types can be recognised only on the bases of histological examination. Completely benign tumor is oncocytoma (it represents about 5% of all kidney tumors). Angiomyolipoma (2%) is also benign, though some case reports describing its malign transformation has been published. Angiomyolipoma under 4 cm can be only monitored, the larger tumors should be resected or selectively embolised the arterial blood supply to prevent spontaneous rupture. From the group of benign tumors only cystic nephroma can be diagnosed more often (up to 1%). One of the criteria for diagnosing the renal cortical adenoma is its size under 5 mm. That is why any adenoma, which could be diagnosed by means of graphical examination and therefore clinically significant does not exist. Most of tumors are malign epithelial tumors--renal carcinomas (RC). The are classified according Heidelberg classification into 5 elementary types: clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, originating form collecting ducts and not classifiable. Clear cell (conventional) renal carcinoma (CRC) comes most often (70 to 80%), its malign potential rise with increased size of tumor and with the gradient. Five-year survival is achieved in 30-50%. Granular form of CRC carcinoma (7% of all CRC) is the equivalent of poorly differentiated PRC and it has an adverse prognosis. In contrary, the cystic form of CRC (about 6%) in benign. Papillary form of RC has the five-year survival in 84%, malignant are only tumors poorly differentiated. These are tumors with extensive necroses, which brings a fragile consistency and they can be distinguished by graphical examination. Chromophobe type of RC (5%) has the five-year survival in 90%. Poor prognosis has its sarcomatoid form, which can originate from any RC, but most frequently it is derived from the chromophobe type. The form originating from collecting ducts is highly infrequent and very malignant with the five-year survival in 20% only. The unclassified form of RC (3-5%) includes tumors not suiting to the criteria of the previous RC. Other primary renal malignant tumors (sarcomas, Wilms' tumor of adults, medullar carcinoma, carcinoid) are very rare. Comparatively frequent are metastases of other tumors (namely that of lung carcinoma) and renal impairment in leukemia, which are complication not often met by urologist.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Substrate-bound fibronectin enhances scavenger receptor activity of macrophages by calcium signaling.

We have previously found that ability of mouse macrophages to bind and take up oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) through scavenger receptors is significantly enhanced when the cells are plated on fibronectin (FN)-coated culture substrates. Here, the mechanisms of the enhancement of the scavenger receptor activity by the substrate-bound FN was investigated using thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages. A Ca(2+) channel blocker diltiazem and a calmodulin inhibitor W-7 reduced the scavenger receptor activity of the macrophages plated on FN-coated substrate to the level of the cells plated on uncoated substrate, as assessed by oxLDL binding, while the scavenger receptor activity of the macrophages on uncoated substrate was little affected. Similarly, FN-induced enhancement of the scavenger receptor activity assessed by oxLDL uptake was selectively inhibited by Ca(2+) channel blockers (diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil) and calmodulin inhibitors (W-7, trifluoperazine). Intracellular free Ca(2+) level of the macrophages was increased, depending on extracellular Ca(2+), when plated on FN-coated substrate. This increase in the Ca(2+) level was inhibited by diltiazem and RGD-containing peptides present in cell adhesive region of FN. Like the substrate-bound FN, Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 enhanced the scavenger receptor activity of binding and taking up of oxLDL. These results indicate that substrate-bound FN enhances scavenger receptor activity of macrophages by increasing channel-dependent Ca(2+) influx. A microtubule disruptor, colchicine, and an actin filament disruptor, cytochalasin B, inhibited the FN-induced enhancement of the scavenger receptor activity, suggesting that these cytoskeletal structures are required for transmission of the adhesion signal of FN. The number of the scavenger receptors was found to increase by 1.4-fold upon adhesion signal of FN. We suggest that substrate-bound FN increases the number of the macrophage scavenger receptors as a result of induction of Ca(2+) influx and causes increased accumulation of oxLDL within the cells, rendering the cells more susceptible to conversion into foam cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Controlled release of recombinant insulin-like growth factor from a novel formulation of polylactide-co-glycolide microparticles.

The purpose of the current study was to develop a controlled-release delivery system for recombinant insulin-like growth factor (rhIGF-I). Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles with entrapped rhIGF-I were prepared by a novel emulsion based solvent evaporation process. Microparticles with two loading levels of rhIGF-I were prepared (4 and 20% w/w). The integrity of released rhIGF-I was characterized by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and a bioactivity assay. In vitro and in vivo release profiles of rhIGF-I from these microparticles were also evaluated. Reproducible batches of microparticles with 4% and 20% w/w loading of rhIGF-I were prepared, with excellent encapsulation efficiency (81 and 85% of total protein respectively entrapped). The protein retained integrity after the microencapsulation process as evaluated by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and bioactivity assay. The in vitro profiles exhibited a significant burst release of rhIGF-I (20-30%), followed by controlled release of protein for up to 28 days. A similar level of burst release was observed in vivo, followed by controlled release of protein for 14-18 days. In addition, there was a surprisingly close correlation between in vitro and in vivo release rates. PLG microparticles with entrapped rhIGF-I are a promising delivery system which may allow rhIGF-I to be used for a broad range of therapeutic indications.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Erectile dysfunction after surgery for rectosigmoid tumors--diagnosis and therapy].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the standard diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical operations on account of rectosigmoid tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the Faculty Hospital in Plzen from Jan. 1995 till Oct. 1999 the mentioned operation was implemented in 167 men, incl. 98 who were sent a questionnaire concerning postoperative sexual complaints. 39 replied. Those interested were examined further and treatment of ED was started. RESULTS: Four men, mean age 75.3 +/- 1.0 years were before surgery sexually inactive. In the remaining 35 ED developed in 68.6% (24/35)--mean age 58.2 +/- 9.8 years (in men without ED it was 61.7 +/- 11.1 years), in 37.1% (13/35) ED was complete, in 31.4% (11/35) partial. A postoperative decline of libido was in recorded in 37.1% (13/35) and impaired ejaculation in 65.7% (23/35). In men with postoperative ED 66.7% (16/24) suffered also from another disease causing ED, in men without ED this ratio was only 18.1%. In the group of men with ED, on account of ED 40% were examined and treated (14/35) incl. 10 who were examined for the first time in conjunction with the questionnaire project. Sildenafil was administered to 10 men, an effect sufficient for intercourse was described by two (both with partial ED), a partial effect however inadequate for intercourse was described by four and four recorded no response. Only four men tried intracavernous PGE1 injections and in all instances with a favourable effect. CONCLUSION: ED which affects about two thirds of patients is not treated as a rule. For examination a rule anamnestic data and physical examination are sufficient. Oral sildenafil treatment is effective only in a small percentage of patients. Intracavernous injections are more effective but are usually refused.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Priapism].

Priapism is prolonged, and usually painful, erection not associated with sexual desire. It is a relatively rare acute urological disease where treatment must be started within 6 hours after its development, as after a longer time interval due to ischaemia irreversible fibrotic changes of the cavernous tissue of the penis develop which lead to permanent erectile dysfunction. There may be either low flow priapism (inadequate outflow of blood from the cavernous tissue) or more rarely high flow priapism (excessive inflow of blood). Priapism is classified with regard to its aetiology into primary (cause unknown) or secondary. The causes of secondary priapism are most frequently overdosage of vasodilatating agents during intracavernous injection treatment of erectile dysfunction (specially papaverine), tumours (obstruction of the efferent veins or direct infiltration of the corpora cavernosa)--in particular carcinoma of the urinary bladder, prostate and rectum. Priapism is frequently due to injuries of the prostate and straddle injuries. 5% men with sickle-cell anaemia suffer from an attack of priapism. Treatment of priapism differs, depending on the type, and should be entrusted to an experienced urologist in an in-patient department.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Solubility of recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

Study of recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rhTFPI) solubility shows (1) an inverted bell-shaped pH-solubility profile with a broad solubility minimum between pH 5 and 10 such that the solubility minimum midpoint is 2-3 pH units away from its isoelectric point; (2) a negative temperature-solubility coefficient; (3) a strong dependence of solubility on the valence of electrolytes, with both multivalent cations and anions enhancing this effect; and (4) a significant increase of solubility in the presence of charged polymers. At pH 6-7, rhTFPI solubility-salt profiles display typical salting-in and salting-out biphasic effects. At a slightly lower pH (pH 5), a third phase in addition to the salting-in and salting-out phases was observed at low ionic strength conditions (5 to 50 mM) where rhTFPI solubility increased as salt concentration decreased. The salting-out constant for rhTFPI in NaCl is 1.04 M(-1) and is independent of the pH of the solution. Resolubilization of rhTFPI precipitates revealed that "insolubility precipitates" (seen during buffer exchanges) resulted from protein solute saturation and could be redissolved by "native" solvent conditions. On the other hand, "instability precipitates" (typically seen after exposure to elevated temperatures or extended storage periods) were caused by insoluble protein aggregate formation and required strongly denaturing conditions to redissolve.

Amino Acid Sequence↗