Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

M H Labbok

Publications and source records attributed to M H Labbok.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Clinical study of the lactational amenorrhoea method for family planning.

The effect of breastfeeding on fertility is well known; however, its use as a method of family planning was, until recently, untested. In 1988, the Bellagio Consensus Conference proposed guidelines that became the basis for a method of family planning called the lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM). The principle of LAM is that a woman who continues to fully or nearly fully breastfeed her infant and who remains amenorrhoeic during the first 6 months postpartum is protected from pregnancy during that time. We have assessed this method in the context of a breastfeeding support intervention study of 422 middle-class women in urban Santiago, Chile. The cumulative 6-month life-table pregnancy rate was 0.45% among women who relied on LAM as their only family planning method (1 woman pregnant in month 6). The findings indicate that LAM, with its high acceptance and efficacy, is a viable method of family planning and can safely serve as an introductory method for breastfeeding women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Puerperium and breast-feeding.

The issues related to breast-feeding and problems of the puerperium are often obfuscated by the general but outdated practice of recommending cessation of lactation. This article examines recent literature (June 1991 to May 1992) on breast-feeding and the treatment of puerperal problems, emphasizing that breast-feeding may be maintained during virtually all treatment modalities. Additionally, the use of drugs to support or suppress lactation has been of interest, and the increased attention to the fertility impact of breast-feeding, breast-feeding and maternal health, and human immunodeficiency virus and breast-feeding has resulted in several new articles of note. In general, the recent study of breast-feeding has identified many positive side effects, while other articles confirm that the treatment for retained placenta, postpartum pain, and puerperal infection, as discussed in recent literature, do not contraindicate breast-feeding.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1992

Acute prolactin and oxytocin responses and milk yield to infant suckling and artificial methods of expression in lactating women.

Breast-feeding is today the major form of infant nutrition in the immediate postpartum period. Despite this, recent trends in modern life-styles have raised obstacles to successful lactation. These include infant illness and maternal responsibilities outside the home, both requiring separation from the mother. While the hormonal dynamics of infant suckling are understood, little is known about the effects of artificial methods of milk expression. A variety of breast pumps exist in the current US market which vary considerably in price and effectiveness. To understand better the ability of these pumps to assist women in the maintenance of lactation, the current study was undertaken to evaluate their effects on milk yield and prolactin and oxytocin release when compared to natural infant suckling. Twenty-three women who were exclusively breast-feeding their infants were randomly assigned to serially use several pumping methods, as well as infant suckling, with blood being taken at 10-minute intervals to determine the hormonal responses. The results reveal variability in the prolactin responses to the artificial pumping methods, with the greatest responses found with an electric pulsatile pump; these responses compare favorably with those of natural infant suckling. Other methods were less successful in causing prolactin elevations. No differences were seen among the methods in the oxytocin response. The results of this study demonstrate striking differences in the ability of breast-pumping methods to produce an acute and sustained prolactin rise in breast-feeding mothers. The large discrepancies found suggest the need for further studies in to enable women and health care providers to choose the most appropriate method for milk expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Ovulation method use during breastfeeding: is there increased risk of unplanned pregnancy?

Data from two prospective studies of the ovulation method were used to assess pregnancy rates and users' fertility-related behaviors among breastfeeding women. The rate of unplanned pregnancy was less than 1% during the first 6 months of lactational amenorrhea. However, the unplanned pregnancy rate was elevated among breastfeeders during the months after menses return compared with the pregnancy rate during nonlactating cycles. Rates were also elevated at the time when infant feeding supplementation was started. This increase in unplanned pregnancies was not directly attributable to nonadherence to the ovulation method rules; there was some indication that adherence to the rules actually may be increased during those months. Therefore, special emphasis on both the need for improved breastfeeding support to delay menses return and the increased potential for method failure among new users during this period of time should be incorporated into ovulation method training and support programs.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1991

Efficacy studies in natural family planning: issues and management implications illustrated with data from five studies.

Studies of method effectiveness must be carefully assessed for comparability of findings. Several parameters are identified that are important in the assurance of comparable results. This article discusses these issues with the use of data from previously published studies and emphasizes the management implications of use-effectiveness data.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1990

Risk of ovulation during lactation.

60 breastfeeding mothers in Baltimore and 41 in Manila recorded their infant feeding patterns daily, and gave additional information at weekly interviews. Ovarian activity was monitored by assays for hormone metabolites in daily urine samples. On average, women in Baltimore breastfed less often but for longer at each feed than women in Manila, and the mean times until ovulation were 27 and 38 weeks post partum. 41% of first ovulations had luteal phase defects. Anovular first menses were common (45.1%) during the first 6 months post partum but the rate fell greatly thereafter. The risk of ovulation was reduced by a higher frequency of breastfeeds, longer duration of each feed, and less supplementary feeding. During the first 6 months post partum, amenorrhoeic women had low risks of ovulation (below 10%) with partial breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk to 1-5% with either frequent short feeds or infrequent longer feeds. However, if the woman started menstruating before 6 months post partum, or if she continued breastfeeding beyond 6 months, the risk of ovulation rose, and contraception would be needed.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1989

A case study of the Tenwek hospital community health programme in Kenya.

Tenwek mission hospital, situated in the west-central highlands of Kenya, initiated a community health programme in 1984. This paper describes the major features of the programme and assesses the impact on a number of health and family planning practices after 3 years of implementation. Comparison of the results in the programme areas with the baseline survey and with control areas show significant changes in several indicators. It is concluded that Tenwek hospital demonstrated the impact a hospital can have on health of communities by effectively moving into community-based health care.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1988

Factors related to ovulation method efficacy in three programs: Bangladesh, Kenya, and Korea.

Sociodemographic and reproductive health data were gathered on approximately 200 acceptors in each of three programs offering the Ovulation Method of Natural Family Planning. The programs were located in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Korea. In addition, a one year follow-up was attempted to assess continuation and efficacy. Descriptive data show a variety of religious, educational, income, family, and family planning backgrounds among acceptors. Life table analyses of reported unplanned pregnancy occurrence among spacers and limiters combined was 15% at 12 months in Bangladesh, 11% in Kenya and 13% in Korea. The pregnancy rate at 12 months for all pregnancies, planned and unplanned, was 27.0, 26.0, and 23.7, respectively. In Bangladesh 37 of the 48 unplanned pregnancies were user-related as were all of the 14 unplanned pregnancies in Kenya and 17 of the 20 in Korea. Method failure was the reported cause of pregnancy in only 2 of the 83 unplanned pregnancies. A major aspect of this study was the assessment of higher risk population subgroups; increasing age, education, previous pill use and previous family planning are significantly associated with fewer unplanned pregnancies while religion, attendance as a couple, family planning intention, size and source of referral do not have a demonstrated impact on pregnancy occurrence. The time of entry into the data set in relation to time of initial NFP acceptance may be an important variable in assessing OM effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Postpartum return of ovarian activity in nonbreastfeeding women monitored by urinary assays.

Assays of first morning urine samples for pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PdG), estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide (E2G), and LH were used to monitor endocrine function in 16 regularly cycling women and 22 postpartum nonbreastfeeding women. Twice weekly blood samples were also obtained from the postpartum group. Ovulation was inferred by a significant rise in LH and PdG, and reversal of the E2G to PdG ratio. Luteal phase PdG excretion was measured by the peak of smoothed PdG levels and the area under the smoothed luteal phase PdG curve. The lower limits of normal established in 16 cycling women were a peak luteal phase PdG of 4 micrograms/ml and an area under the PdG curve of 20 micrograms/ml. In the postpartum women, 32% of first cycles were anovulatory, and among ovulatory cycles, 73% had abnormally low luteal phase PdG excretion or short luteal phases. In second and subsequent cycles, 15% were anovulatory and 26% had luteal phase abnormalities. There was a progressive increase in luteal PdG excretion from the first to third cycles. The mean delay before first ovulation was 45.2 days, and no woman ovulated before 25 days after delivery. The correlations between blood and urinary hormone levels were 0.78 for PdG, 0.65 for E2G, and 0.55 for LH. We conclude that assays of daily early morning urine samples provide reliable information on ovulation and luteal phase adequacy, and that there is gradual recovery of pituitary ovarian function after parturition.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Breast feeding.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A community study of a decade of in-hospital breast-feeding: implications for breast-feeding promotion.

Information concerning a subject of interest to the health community may be gathered through simple, low-cost minisurveys. Data were gathered on postpartum breast-feeding in one community in 1974, 1979, and 1984. This community mirrored national trends and offered additional information on areas of programmatic interest; findings also confirmed the hypothesis that education and national trends over time had statistically significant relationships with the choice to breast-feed. Of special note is the finding that the level of knowledge concerning infant feeding is closely linked to the choice to breast-feed, as is the relationship between the primary influence of another woman and the choice to breast-feed. With level of education controlled for, both associated variables remained significant for women with lower levels of education, the group least likely to select breast-feeding. This would suggest the probable advantage of breast-feeding promotion based on woman-to-woman contact during preconception and antepartum periods; such a program might be particularly effective with women of lower educational levels.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does breast-feeding protect against malocclusion? An analysis of the 1981 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey.

Recent increases in breast-feeding in the United States have renewed interest in its associated health effects. In addition to known protective effects related to diarrheal disease in infancy and allergies, breast-feeding may be related to other health and developmental concerns with health cost implications. Data from the Child Health Supplement to the 1981 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to assess the association between breast-feeding and malocclusion. Increased durations of breast-feeding were associated with a decline in the proportion of children with malocclusion, an association that remains when controlled for known associated variables. Our study adds sufficient strength to the findings in this area that we can recommend that health practitioners inform expectant mothers about this additional benefit of breast-feeding.

Breast Feeding↗