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M Goldstein

Publications and source records attributed to M Goldstein.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

New directions in male reproductive microsurgery.

During the past decade, microsurgery has become a urologic subspecialty. Historically, vascular and vasal anastomosis have formed the foundation of genitourinary microsurgery. With the advent of improved instrumentation and the interest of devoted urologic microsurgeons, a multitude of new applications of microsurgery in urology have developed. In this paper, we discuss some of the new directions in male reproductive microsurgery.

Cryptorchidism↗
PubMed1988

Biochemical and functional characterization of central dopamine receptors.

In order to characterize the D2 dopamine receptors at the molecular level we have developed procedures for purification and characterization of the receptor binding protein. The ligand binding sites of the D2 dopamine receptor have been identified by photoaffinity labeling with 3H-7-azidofluphenazine. The D2 dopamine receptor protein was partially purified by Fast Performance Liquid Chromatography on a Mono Q column and on a wheat-germ agglutinin agarose column. Some behavioral expressions which are probably mediated by D1 dopamine receptors were described. Evidence was obtained that catalepsy is associated with the blockade of D1 dopamine receptors and that D1 and D2 dopamine receptor systems interact either directly or indirectly in mediating this behavior. The administration of a dopamine agonist to monkeys with unilateral ventromedial tegmental lesions of the brainstem produced a biting behavior which, in some aspects, resembles the behavior in Lesch-Nyhan patients. The prevention of the dopamine agonist-induced biting behavior by the D1 dopamine antagonists indicates that D1 dopamine receptors are involved in the control of the expression of this behavior. The biting behavior, like other motor functions, might be controlled by the mesolimbic dopamine systems, and supersensitive mesolimbic D1 dopamine receptors might be associated with the pathology of this behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

DARPP-32 as a marker for D-1 dopaminoceptive cells in the rat brain: prenatal development and presence in glial elements (tanycytes) in the basal hypothalamus.

The present article reviews some aspects of the localization of a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32, which is assumed to be present in D-1 dopaminoceptive neurons. Its prenatal development starts at day 14 of gestation, is to a large extent complete at birth and seems to be independent of ingrowing dopamine-containing afferents. Rearrangements occur in certain areas, and in some systems DARPP-32 appears to be only transiently expressed. The presence of DARPP-32 in glial structures, the tanycytes, in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex in the mediobasal hypothalamus, has given further support to the hypothesis that dopamine, by controlling the shape of the tanycytes and the extension of their processes, can regulate LHRH release by a 'mechanical mechanism'. This hypothesis is now being examined in some experimental paradigms.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Further analysis of presence of peptides in dopamine neurons. Cholecystokinin, peptide histidine-isoleucine/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in rat supramammillary region and mesencephalon.

Double-labeling combined with elution-restaining immunofluorescence techniques were used to analyze the extent of coexistence among the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in neurons of the supramammillary region and mesencephalon of the rat. Approximately 50% of the PHI/VIP-containing perikarya and about 25% of the CCK-positive cell bodies in the supramammillary region exhibited coexistence of both peptides. Only a very minor portion of these double-labeled neurons were also found to contain immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (indicative of dopamine in these cells). A low percentage of the neurons contained the enzyme plus either CCK- or PHI/VIP-like immunoreactivity. A low proportion of the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in this region contained substance P-like immunoreactivity and vice versa. In other areas, small numbers of neurons in periventricular and periaqueductal regions were found to be immunostained for CCK, PHI/VIP and tyrosine hydroxylase. Single examples of triple-labeled (CCK-PHI/VIP-TH) somata were infrequently observed in the ventral tegmental area. These data provide further evidence of peptide/peptide and peptide/monoamine coexistence in the central nervous system. The demonstration of CCK-PHI/VIP colocalization (possibly including a minor dopaminergic component) and of substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase coexistence within neurons of the supramammillary region, which has widespread projections to many areas of the forebrain, suggests that these neuropeptides may coexist in some of these pathways and perhaps be co-released in several different regions of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of cardiac function by echo-Doppler studies in critically ill patients.

Measurements of stroke volume (SV) by echo-Doppler techniques (2D-echocardiography, continuous and pulsed Doppler) were compared to those obtained by thermodilution in 116 critically ill patients. The best correlation was obtained with pulsed Doppler positioned in the left ventricular (LV) outflow (r = 0.78, p less than 0.001). In a subgroup of 12 patients who had LV ejection fraction less than 60% and LV end-diastolic pressure greater than 15 mmHg, we also measured the peak aortic blood velocity (PABV) and acceleration (PABA) by continuous and pulsed Doppler as indexes of myocardial contractility before coronary artery bypass graft. When compared to healthy volunteers, these patients had decreased PABV and PABA, measured by continuous Doppler (91 +/- 16 vs 79 +/- 9 cm/s, p less than 0.05 and 913 +/- 202 vs 660 +/- 149 cm/s/s, p less than 0.05, respectively). These data therefore indicate that in critically ill patients pulsed Doppler placed in the LV outflow is an adequate echo-Doppler technique to measure SV, while continuous Doppler placed in the suprasternal notch can be used to assess LV performance.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1988

Heterogeneity of antigenic determinants on human spermatozoa: relevance to antisperm antibody testing in infertile couples.

Sera from 1074 male and 947 female partners of infertile marriages were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to motile sperm purified from ejaculates of the male partners or a donor. In men, 9.2% of the sera were positive for immunoglobulin A, 7.9% for immunoglobulin G, and 5.1% for immunoglobulin M antibodies to their own sperm. In women, immunoglobulin M antibodies to the husband's sperm predominated (10.1%), with immunoglobulins G (8.3%) and A (5.9%) following. Differences between men and women in the incidence of immunoglobulin A (p less than 0.01) and M (p less than 0.005) antibodies were significant. In both sexes only about two thirds of the antibody-positive sera remained positive when donor sperm was substituted for partners' sperm in the assay. The decreased occurrences of antisperm immunoglobulins A (p less than 0.025) and G (p less than 0.01) in men and of immunoglobulins G (p less than 0.025) and M (p less than 0.01) in women were significant. Incubation of donor sperm in the husband's cell-free seminal fluid before analysis led to the acquisition of sperm reactivity with husband-specific antisperm antibodies in only one of eight women. Women with husband-specific antisperm antibodies also exhibited differences in their cell-mediated immune responses to sperm from various men. Thus sperm from different individuals vary in their ability to react with the immune system of sperm-sensitized men or women.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1988

Reduced levels of T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes in semen from vasovasostomized men: relationship to sperm autoantibodies.

The regulation of lymphocyte populations in semen and their function remains unknown. Using monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemical techniques we compared the levels of mononuclear cells in ejaculates obtained from 14 men with intact vas deferens and 13 men who had undergone both a vasectomy and a microsurgical vasovasostomy. The presence of antisperm antibodies was also assessed by the immunobead binding assay. Semen from both groups contained about 10(3) T and B lymphocytes and monocytes. In men with intact vasa, T suppressor/cytotoxic cells predominated. In contrast, in vasovasostomized men the levels of T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were significantly reduced (P less than 0.005) and T helper/inducer cells predominated in their semen. Concentrations of seminal T helper/inducer lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and monocytes were similar in both groups. Antisperm antibodies were detected on sperm, in seminal fluid and/or in serum of all the vasovasovasostomy patients but in none of the controls, T suppressor/cytotoxic cells may limit the immune response to sperm within the male reproductive tract. Chronic obstruction resulting in damage to the integrity of the excurrent ducts may induce alterations in T cell regulation leading to a decrease in T suppressor/cytotoxic cells and create conditions permissive for the formation of autoantibodies to sperm-specific antigens.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1988

Neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves in bone and surrounding tissues.

Nerve fibres immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were demonstrated in rat bone and adjacent tissues. The distribution of NPY- and TH-positive fibres differed from that of VIP-positive fibres. NPY- and TH-immunoreactive fibres were almost exclusively found close to or within the blood vessel walls, mostly in the vicinity of the epiphyseal plate, but also in the Volkmann canals. VIP-positive fibres were predominantly present in the epiphysis and periosteum and only occasionally around blood vessels. This study demonstrates that bone and surrounding tissues have a supply of both noradrenergic and peptide-containing nerves. The differential distribution of these nerves may reflect specific roles in the local regulation of bone physiology, such as blood flow, bone formation or resorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Polyclonal antibodies against O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in adapted bacteria.

The similarity of the adaptive response and the methyltransferase component in bacterial strains from different phylogenic groups was investigated. An adaptive response with induction of transferase activity was found for the first time in the soil bacteria P. aeruginosa and X. maltophilia. Polyclonal antibodies against the E. coli ada protein were used to investigate the structural similarity of the transferases from several bacterial strains with adaptive responses and inducible transferase activity. These antibodies cross-reacted with transferase from M. luteus and P. aeruginosa but not with proteins from other related bacteria, and not with human transferase. The phylogenic relationships of bacteria with adaptive responses suggest that the response likely was present in the common ancestor of eubacteria. The restricted antibody cross-reactivity may reflect the dual role of the E. coli ada protein not only in DNA repair but in positive gene regulation.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1988

Immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the human brain stem: description of adrenergic perikarya and characterization of longitudinal catecholaminergic pathways.

Using immunocytochemical method in conjunction with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, catecholaminergic cell groups and axon pathways are mapped in the human hind brain. Adrenergic perikarya are located mainly in the rostral medulla, as in lower animals, and contribute a subset of axons to the main longitudinal catecholaminergic bundle which runs through the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain such as the dorsal part of the central nucleus of the medulla oblongata, the parvocellular reticular formation ventromedial to the facial nerve and ventrolateral to the locus coeruleus. Adrenergic terminals are present in the locus coeruleus and other medullary and pontine structures. The locus coeruleus contains only tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells and appears to be the source of a discrete dorsal catecholaminergic bundle which runs through the central tegmental field just ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray of the rostral pons and mesencephalon and which does not contain adrenergic axons. A ventral catecholaminergic bundle arising in the medullary cells does contain a subset of adrenergic axons in the mesencephalic tegmental field. These two longitudinal axon bundles run near each other in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Additional descriptions are provided of catecholaminergic axons near the dorsal and ventral surface of the human medulla.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1988

Locus coeruleus neurons in the rat containing neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase or galanin and their efferent projections to the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.

The efferent projections of locus coeruleus neurons which contain neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- or galanin-like immunoreactivity were investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with the retrograde transport of the fluorescent substance Fast Blue. Four groups of rats received injections of Fast Blue: (1) bilaterally into the mid-thoracic spinal cord (T6-T7); (2) unilaterally into the low cervical spinal cord (C4-C5); (3) unilaterally into the paraventricular, periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei; and (4) unilaterally into five sites in the cerebral cortex (frontal, cingulate and striate cortex). Efferent projections to the spinal cord, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex from neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and galanin-containing locus coeruleus cells were observed. A higher percentage of the peptidergic locus coeruleus neurons projected to the hypothalamus than to the spinal cord or cerebral cortex. The distribution and morphology of the neuropeptide Y- and galanin-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus were also investigated. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and galanin-like immunoreactivity were found in small, medium and large multipolar neurons, as well as in fusiform locus coeruleus cells. The neuropeptide Y- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the locus coeruleus. In the caudal locus coeruleus, they were primarily located in the dorsal portion. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and galanin-like immunoreactivity were only seen in a few tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons of the subcoeruleus group. The data show that the peptide-containing locus coeruleus neurons have efferent projections to the spinal cord, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The locus coeruleus may be divided into functional subdivisions dependent on the region of the locus coeruleus, the neurotransmitter/neuropeptide(s) contained within the neurons and their efferent projections.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Morphometrical and microdensitometrical studies on phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the rostral medulla oblongata of the adult and old male rat.

In the present paper the neuronal systems of the medulla oblongata containing phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity have been characterized in adult (3-month-old) and old (24-month-old) male rats. The phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons have been visualized by means of immunocytochemistry (peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique) and analysed in a quantitative fashion by means of morphometrical (phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive cell groups) and microdensitometrical (phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive cell groups) approaches developed on the IBAS II image analyser (Zeiss-Kontron). During aging there is (a) a reduction in the area covered by the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive neuropil for both the C1 and C2 adrenaline cell groups; (b) a reduction in the area covered by the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive cell bodies, which is highly significant only for the C2 cell group; (c) a decrease in the area covered by the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-positive cell cluster for both C1 and C2 cell groups; (d) a decrease in the degree of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity present in the C1 and C2 cell groups; (e) a decay of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the C1 and C2 groups, while the C3 group is unaffected by aging as evaluated by number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive cell body profiles. These results indicate heterogeneities in the responses of the adrenaline-neuropeptide Y cell groups to the aging process. The possible functional consequences of aging-induced changes in the cardiovascular adrenergic neurons are discussed, especially in relation to development of hypertension.

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Morphometrical and microdensitometrical studies on phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve terminals and on glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive nerve cell nuclei in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in adult and old male rats.

The phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve terminal profiles and the glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive nuclear profiles have been characterized in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the adult (3 month) and the old (24 month) male rat. The phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-, neuropeptide Y- and glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive structures have been demonstrated by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase procedure and analysed in a quantitative way by means of morphometrical and microdensitometrical approaches using both semiautomatic and automatic image analysis. During aging there is (a) a marked reduction in the number of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive profiles, a moderate reduction of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles and a small reduction in the number of glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive profiles without a significant change in the evenness of distribution of such profiles as evaluated by means of Gini's index; (b) a loss of the significant correlation in the distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles at the two most caudal levels analysed (A5150 and A5270 micron) while a significant correlation developed between these two distributions at a more rostral level (A5400 micron); (c) a substantial decline in the overlap area of the glucocorticoid receptor- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles at four out of five rostrocaudal levels analysed; (d) a marked reduction in the density-intensity of the neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive profiles and a small significant reduction in the density-intensity of the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles without any associated changes in the intensity of the glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive profiles. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstructions of the overall distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor-, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive structures have been made in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the adult male rat. The present results indicate a reduction of neuropeptide Y- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive nerve terminal profiles in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus during aging. These results may in part reflect a loss of neuropeptide Y-like peptides in phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive nerve terminals of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, favouring our view that during aging the modulatory peptides may be lost, leading to a loss of

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Morphometrical evidence for a complex organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-, enkephalin- and DARPP-32-like immunoreactive patches and their codistribution at three rostrocaudal levels in the rat neostriatum.

Tyrosine hydroxylase-like, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (Mr = 32,000)-like and enkephalin-like immunoreactive profiles and their codistribution have been evaluated at three rostrocaudal levels of the rat neostriatum by means of a computer-assisted morphometrical method, which allows an objective definition of high density/intensity patches using specific antibodies in combination with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Our results show that both tyrosine hydroxylase-like, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like and enkephalin-like profiles are organized in patches in the rat neostriatum. In the marginal zone, the tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches both occupied a large part of the total area. Moreover, in this zone, these putative markers for pre- and postsynaptic elements of dopaminergic synapses also showed a complete spatial overlap. In contrast, the enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches in the marginal zone occupied a smaller area, and showed only an incomplete, albeit significant overlap with the tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive/dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive system. In the central zone, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive and enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches occupied a much smaller part of the total area than did those in the marginal zone. Within the central zone, enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches occupied a significantly larger area than did the tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches. No consistent pattern of overlap between the three different staining patterns could be seen in the central zone, probably due to the small, inconsistent size of the patches. Trend analysis showed a consistent trend of more tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches in the dorsal than in the ventral striatum, and a trend of more enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches in the rostral than in the caudal striatum. Our data thus demonstrate that, by using computer-assisted morphometrical techniques, it is possible to describe a non-homogenous but overlapping distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches in the rat neostriatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein in tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus: distribution and relation to dopamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons and other glial elements.

The distribution of a dopamine- and cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 32,000 (DARPP-32) was investigated in the rat diencephalon and monkey hypothalamus by use of immunohistochemical techniques. In addition to single cells located peri- and paraventricularly in hypothalamus and thalamus in the rat, and ependymal cells, DARPP-32-immunoreactivity was found to be present in a subpopulation of ependymal tanycytes. These DARPP-32-positive tanycytes lined the walls and floor of the third ventricle, sending processes towards the arcuate nucleus, surrounding blood vessels in this nucleus, and continuing towards the median eminence, where they abutted on portal vessels. A second group of DARPP-32-positive tanycytes with cell bodies within the median eminence was also observed. Simultaneous labeling with antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase, a presumptive marker for tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, revealed a close relation to DARPP-32-containing tanycytes in several anatomical locations. Thus, in the periventricular area DARPP-32-positive tanycytes ensheathed tyrosine hydroxylase-positive processes. These processes, presumably representing dopaminergic dendrites, virtually penetrated between the ependymal cells to the ventricular space and thus perhaps established direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. Tyrosine hydroxylase-terminals were also observed in close association with DARPP-32-immunoreactive tanycytes in the rat median eminence. However, in view of the density of DARPP-32-positive processes in the external layer of the median eminence, the DARPP-32 processes may be related to a number of other types of nerve endings, including luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, as shown in this study. The close association of DARPP-32-immunoreactive processes with tyrosine hydroxylase- and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat was directly visualized at the ultrastructural level using triple-labeling immunocytochemistry. Both the ultrastructural analysis and immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level, comparing the distribution of DARPP-32 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, indicated the presence of two types of glial processes in the median eminence. The electron microscopic studies also suggested the presence of both DARPP-32-positive and DARPP-32-negative glial processes in the external layer of the median eminence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗