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M Glickstein

Publications and source records attributed to M Glickstein.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Basal ganglia and cerebellum receive different somatosensory information in rats.

There are two great subcortical circuits that relay sensory information to motor structures in the mammalian brain. One pathway relays via the pontine nuclei and cerebellum, and the other relays by way of the basal ganglia. We studied the cells of origin of these two major pathways from the posteromedial barrel subfield of rats, a distinct region of the somatosensory cortex that contains the sensory representation of the large whiskers. We injected tracer substances into the caudate putamen or the pontine nuclei and charted the location of retrogradely filled cortical cells. In preliminary studies, we used double-labeling techniques to determine whether the cells of origin of these two pathways send axon collaterals to other subcortical targets. Lamina V of the rat posteromedial barrel subfield contains two distinct populations of subcortically projecting neurons, which are organized into distinct sublamina. . Corticopontine cells are located exclusively in sublamina Vb, the deeper of two sublamina revealed by cytochrome oxidase staining. Corticostriate cells are located almost exclusively in the more superficial sublamina Va. Experiments using double-labeling fluorescent tracers demonstrate that about one-quarter of the corticopontine cells send a collateral branch to the superior colliculus. Other studies have shown that cells in Vb are activated at very short latency after vibrissal stimulation; hence, they would seem to be an appropriate relay for the rapid transmission of sensory information to the cerebellum for use in sensory guidance of movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Visual corticopontine and tectopontine projections in the macaque.

We studied projections from extrastriate visual areas and the superior colliculus to the pontine nuclei of monkeys using degeneration staining and transport of wheatgerm agglutinin horseradish peroxidase, and 3H amino acids. The superior colliculus and the extrastriate cortical visual areas both project to the ipsilateral dorsolateral region of the pontine nuclei. The projections from extrastriate visual cortex occupy a much larger territory within the pontine nuclei than those from the superior colliculus. The superficial laminae of the superior colliculus project only to the ipsilateral pontine nuclei. The projection to the contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis arises from cells in deeper laminae within the superior colliculus.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Role of MRI in meningiomas: with and without gadopentetate.

Seventeen patients (15 newly diagnosed and two recurrent) with meningiomas were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) operating with 0.3, 0.5, and 1.5 Tesla magnets. In four patients gadopentetate dimeglumine was administered, following a noncontrast scan. In all the patients the tumors were isointense with the cortex at short relaxation and echo times (TR and TE) and became hyperintense with the increase in TR and TE on 0.3, 0.5, and 1.5 Tesla magnet systems. MRI correlated well with angiography in the detection of sagittal sinus thrombosis, and delineated tumor from edema as in computed tomography. Elimination of bony artifacts made detection of posterior fossa tumors easier with MR scanning. Gadopentetate dimeglumine shortened the scan time, displaying small tumors as well as sagittal sinus involvement to advantage. In these respects, we believe MRI is more effective than computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of meningiomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Corticopontine projection in the rat: the distribution of labelled cortical cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei.

The distribution of cortical cells projecting to the pontine nuclei in rats was studied by making large injections of horseradish peroxidase that filled the basilar pons and measuring the density of labelled cells in each cortical area. All retrogradely labelled cells were layer V pyramidal cells. The highest densities of labelled cells were observed in the motor areas. The lowest densities were in temporal association cortex and perirhinal cortex. Visual cortical areas, including the primary visual cortex, provided a major source of pontine projections. The distribution of corticopontine cells within the primary visual cortex was studied in more detail. In all cases the highest density of labelled cells was observed in the region of cortex that represents the nasal visual field. Control injections into brainstem regions adjacent to the pontine nuclei produced a much lower absolute density of retrogradely labelled cortical cells and the distribution of those cells was different from that observed following pontine injections. We conclude that every area of the rat's cerebral cortex projects to the pontine nuclei and that there are consistent variations in the density of the projections both between and within areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Afferent and efferent projections of the inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey.

The rostral part of the agranular frontal cortex (area 6) can be subdivided on the basis of its cytoarchitecture, enzymatic properties, and connections into two large sectors: a superior region, lying medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus, and an inferior region, lying lateral to it. In this study we traced the afferent and efferent connections of the inferior region of area 6 by injecting small amounts of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and fluorescent tracers (fast blue and diamidino yellow) into restricted parts of inferior area 6 and in physiologically determined fields of area 4. There is an ordered topographic pattern of connections between inferior area 6 and area 4. The region near the spur of the arcuate sulcus (hand field) projects to the area 4 hand field while the lateral part of inferior area 6 (mouth field) is connected with the corresponding field in area 4. The organization of the connections between the two fields is, however, different. The hand fields in area 6 and 4 have direct reciprocal projections, whereas the mouth field in the postarcuate cortex relays information to area 4 via a zone intermediate between the arcuate and the central sulcus. This zone corresponds to the cytochrome oxidase area F4 (Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti: Behav. Brain Res. 18: 125-137, '85). The inferior area 6 also has topographically organized connections with the supplementary motor area. The inferior area 6 receives and sends fibers to a series of discrete cortical areas located in the lower cortical moiety (Sanides: The Structure and Function of the Nervous Tissue, Vol. 5. New York: Academic Press, pp 329-453, '72). These areas that form a broad ring around the central sulcus are the ventral bank of the principal sulcus and the adjacent area 46, the precentral operculum (PrOC), area SII (Jones and Burton: J. Comp. Neurol. 168:197-248, '76), the parietal operculum, and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule including the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Finally, the inferior area 6 has sparse but consistent connections with insular and cingulate cortices. The functional significance of this complex pattern of connections is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. IV. Lesions of the inferior olive.

The nictitating membrane response (NMR) of 15 rabbits was conditioned to light and white noise conditional stimuli (CSs) using a periorbital shock unconditional stimulus (US). Unilateral lesions of the inferior olive were then made. Lesions restricted to the medial parts of rostral dorsal accessory olive (DAO) and principal olive (PO) abolished conditioning and prevented subsequent acquisition on either side. Unconditional responses to the US were intact. Lesions in all other parts of the olive did not impair conditioning. The effective lesions were located in that part of the olive which supplies somatosensory information from the face to cerebellar lobule HVI. Lobule HVI is also essential for NMR conditioning. We suggest that this region of the inferior olive is part of a circuit which provides US information to the cerebellar cortex during NMR conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Nonlymphomatous lymphoid disorders of the lung.

Nonlymphomatous lymphoid disorders of the lung consist of several entities with varied histology and clinical behavior. On the basis of histologic appearance, six lesions can be identified. They include Castleman's disease, plasma-cell granuloma, pseudolymphoma, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. These conditions in 22 patients, their radiologic and histopathologic features, and their relationship to the malignant lymphomas are discussed. Although a radiographic diagnosis may be suggested, overlapping features mandate open-lung biopsy in most instances. The frequent evolution toward malignant lymphoma with lymphomatoid granulomatosis and pseudolymphoma necessitates close follow-up and sometimes aggressive therapy.

Granuloma, Plasma Cell↗
PubMed1985

Corticopontine projection in the macaque: the distribution of labelled cortical cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei.

We studied the distribution of corticopontine cells in the monkey cerebral cortex. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the brainstem of monkeys in an attempt to fill the pontine nuclei on one or both sides. In control animals we injected the medullary pyramids or varied the route, size, or location of pontine injections. All retrograde filled corticopontine neurons were layer V pyramidal cells. Corticopontine cells were distributed within a largely continuous area of cortex which extended from the cingulate cortex medially to the sylvian fissure laterally; from the superior temporal fissure caudally to the medial part of the frontal granular cortex rostrally. Areas 4 and 6 of Brodmann (1905) contained the highest density of filled cells. In the primary visual cortex, area 17, there were a few labelled cells restricted to the rostral portion of the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, in a region representing the lower periphery of the visual field. The results are discussed in relation to the possible functions of the corticopontine system, especially the role of the extrastriate visual areas in visually guided movement.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. I. Lesions of the cerebellar nuclei.

The classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) of the rabbit, a simple form of associative motor learning, is crucially dependent upon the cerebellum. Discrete unilateral lesions of the cerebellar nuclei were made in 20 rabbits. Lesions of the anterior interpositus nucleus (IA) abolished NMR conditioning to light and white noise stimuli on the side of the lesion without affecting unconditional responses. Lesions of the posterior interpositus nucleus, fastigial and dentate nuclei were without effect upon NMR conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. II. Lesions of the cerebellar cortex.

The nictitating membrane response (NMR) of 20 rabbits was conditioned to light and white noise conditional stimuli (CSs) using a periorbital shock unconditional stimulus (US). Unilateral lesions of the cerebellar cortex, sparing the underlying deep nuclei, were then made. Small lesions of cerebellar cortical lobule HVI abolished conditioning on the side of the lesion to both CSs leaving unconditional responses to the US intact. Larger lesions of the posterior lobe which spared HVI did not impair NMR conditioning. We conclude that cerebellar lobule HVI is essential for NMR conditioning in the rabbit. Degeneration following critical lesions of HVI was seen in a restricted region of the inferior olive - the medial part of the dorsal accessory olive and the adjoining medial part of the dorsal leaf of the principal olive. This region of the olive provides somatosensory information from the face to HVI. We suggest that HVI receives information related to the US via climbing fibres from the olive and CS information via mossy fibres from the pontine nuclei. The critical changes underlying NMR conditioning may be the association of these two inputs at the Purkinje cells of cortical lobule HVI.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. III. Connections of cerebellar lobule HVI.

We report the connections of cerebellar cortical lobule HVI in the rabbit. We have studied the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) following its injection into HVI to reveal efferent and afferent connections. All of the cases showed strong anterograde transport to the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIP) - indicating that this is the major efferent target of HVI. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in the inferior olivary, spinal trigeminal, lateral reticular, inferior vestibular and pontine nuclei. Within the olive, the medial part of the rostral dorsal accessory olive (DAO) and the adjacent medial part of the principal olive (PO) were consistently labelled in all cases. This area is known to receive somatosensory information from the face and neck. There was no projection to the hemispheral part of lobule VI from visual parts of the olive within the dorsal cap and medial parts of the medial accessory olive. Likely sources of visual and auditory information to HVI are the dorsolateral basilar pontine nuclei and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, which were densely labelled in all cases. These anatomical findings are consistent with the suggestion that, during NMR conditioning, information related to the periorbital shock unconditional stimulus (US) may be provided by climbing fibres to HVI and light and white noise conditional stimulus (CS) information may be supplied by pontine mossy fibres.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Interconnections within the postarcuate cortex (area 6) of the macaque monkey.

Small amounts of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ were injected in restricted parts of the postarcuate premotor area of the macaque monkey. It was found that regions of this area having different somatotopic representations are richly interconnected among them. This pattern of intra-areal connectivity was not observed in the precentral motor area. It appears therefore that the postarcuate area is organized according to anatomical principles which are different from those of the primary motor cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the postarcuate premotor area of the monkey].

Horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinine was injected in restricted parts of the postarcuate cortex in the macaque monkey. Anterograde and retrograde transport was found in the parietal and frontal lobes. In the parietal lobe two areas were marked: the antero-lateral part of area 7 and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure. In the frontal lobe the marked areas were the precentral motor cortex, the supplementary motor area and the gyrus cinguli. The intrinsic connections within the postarcuate cortex were rich and widespread. The hand representation was connected anterogradely and retrogradely with the mouth representation and anterogradely with the leg representation; the mouth representation was connected both ways with the hand representation but not with the leg area. The richness of intrinsic connections in the postarcuate cortex supports the suggestion that this area is involved in the organization of sequential motor acts.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Cerebellar targets of visual pontine cells in the cat.

The cerebellum receives visual mossy fiber input from the cerebral cortex via visual cells in the pons. We identified the regions of cat cerebellum that receive cerebral visual input by injecting orthograde tracers among physiologically identified visual pontine cells. Cerebellar labeling following these injections indicates that the contralateral paraflocculus and the rostral folium of the uvula (vermal lobule IX) receive the heaviest projection from cortically activated pontine visual cells. Lighter visual input reaches much of the rest of the contralateral posterior lobe. A second experiment combined, in the same animal, orthograde tracing of the visual corticopontine pathway with retrograde tracing of the pontocerebellar projection. The results of this experiment confirm that the paraflocculus and uvula receive more cortical visual input than do other regions of the cerebellum. This experiment also shows that uvula-projecting and paraflocculus-projecting cells occupy different parts of the ventromedial pons. Uvula-projecting cells cluster immediately adjacent to the ventral and medial borders of the pyramidal tract and near the midline. Paraflocculus-projecting cells lie ventral and medial to the pyramidal tract but displaced from its border. There are few paraflocculus-projecting cells near the midline.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Discrete lesions of the cerebellar cortex abolish the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit.

The classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) of the rabbit is useful for analyses of brain structures and pathways involved in mammalian associative learning. Lesions of the entire cerebellum, its nuclei or its efferent pathway abolish conditioned NMR learning and prevent its reacquisition. Until now it has not been clear whether the cerebellar cortex is an essential part of the circuitry for NMR conditioning. Here we report that small lesions of the cerebellar cortex in the hemispheral portion of lobule VI, with sparing of the underlying nuclei, abolish the ipsilateral conditioned NMR and prevent it from being reacquired.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Hermansky-pudlak syndrome and interstitial lung disease: report of a case with lavage findings.

Clinical and pathologic evidence for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis occurring in some patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is well described in the literature, but data on immunologic mechanisms operating in this form of lung disease have not been published. In this case report, we describe bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings in a patient with this syndrome. Recovered alveolar macrophages (AM) contained the characteristic ceroidlike material previously described in interstitial macrophages in pathologic specimens. The BAL analysis was similar to that seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with increased levels of immunoglobulins and numbers of IgG and IgA secreting cells, and normal percentages of putative helper and suppressor T-cell subsets. In addition, superoxide production by stimulated AM was increased, possibly secondary to phagocytosis of the ceroidlike material. The lavage in this patient was compatible with a mild inflammatory process that was consistent with gallium scan results and the patient's clinical course.

Adult↗