Factors related to amphotericin-B-induced rigors (shivering)
Amphotericin-B is the only parenteral agent currently available to treat systemic fungal infections. Pyrogenesis, accompanied by severe shivering, is a distressing side effect. Possible risk factors of developing this reaction have not been reported. A case series was developed to document the occurrence and duration of shivering in patients who received amphotericin-B and to investigate whether these responses were associated with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, receipt of insulin or beta blockers, the amount of body fat content, an immunocompromised state, age, and gender. Medical records were reviewed and abstracted for patients who received 20 milligrams or more of amphotericin-B per day for at least 10 consecutive days between January 1, 1984, and September 1, 1988. Results indicated that a diagnosis of diabetes, insulin therapy, and advancing age were inversely associated with the amphotericin-B-induced rigors response. Shivering was noted to occur first at the test dose, with the percentage of patients who shivered increasing with each successive dose (this peaked at the fifth therapeutic dosage). Of the factors under study, only advancing age appeared to be related to the duration of shivering. It is possible that identification of the descriptive characteristics of amphotericin-B-induced rigors will facilitate the nursing care of patients who receive this treatment; it also may be an important first step in the identification of risk factors for this clinical complication.