Semen quality and association with coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and ethanol consumption.
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Alcoholic Beverages↗
Biomedical subjects
M G Hammond
Publications and source records attributed to M G Hammond.
HLA associations with rheumatoid arthritis in African blacks.
The HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens were determined in a group of 100 blacks with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Durban, South Africa. Fifty-six of these patients were also tested for the DQ antigens. There was a significant association of HLA-DR4 with RA (chi 2 = 77.2; p less than 0.0001). The frequency of DR4 in RA was 44% in comparison with 10% in controls (relative risk 7.4). An unusual finding was a significant increase in the frequency of HLA-B8 in 35% of patients with RA compared to 12.5% of controls (p less than 0.001; relative risk 3.8). There was no linkage disequilibrium between DR4 and B8 to explain the latter association.
Adult↗
Effect of therapy on infertile couples with antisperm antibodies.
One hundred seventy-eight couples with positive antisperm antibody titers in serum and genital secretions were offered treatment with prednisone. Of 60 couples who received prednisone only, 43% conceived. Of 25 who had no therapy, 48% conceived. Fifty-four patients treated with prednisone received additional therapy and 31% conceived. Ten of 39 patients not treated with prednisone but receiving other therapies conceived. Cytotoxic antibodies were reduced in 30% to 42% of serum samples and in 24% to 33% of genital secretion samples. In those couples with decreased cytotoxic antibodies pregnancy rates were 40% to 60% compared with 0% to 23% in those with decreased hemagglutinating antibody titers. Our data suggest that prednisone did not improve overall pregnancy rates; pregnancy rates were comparable in both groups treated with other therapies; donor insemination was the most successful of the alternative therapies; reduction of cytotoxic antibody titers after prednisone treatment was associated with increased pregnancy rates.
Adult↗
Lower doses of human menopausal gonadotropin are associated with improved success with in vitro fertilization in women with low body weight.
Since previous data suggested hyperresponsiveness to human menopausal gonadotropin by women with low body weight, the daily dose was reduced to 1.5 ampules in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization weighing less than 55 kg. This allowed the extension of treatment to a minimum of 6 days. These changes were associated with improved results in in vitro fertilization in these women.
Body Weight↗
Surgical correction of external genitalia and lower genitourinary tract of markedly virilized child.
Three children who were seen with marked androgenization, including clitoromegaly, labial fusion, and absent vaginal introitus are presented. In each, the vagina was found to be entering at the level of the posterior urethra. Vaginoplasty was performed in each child utilizing a transperineal "pull through" technique. Reduction clitoroplasty was performed in 1 patient. The advantages and optimal timing of these techniques are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Human leucocyte antigen status in African women with eclampsia.
Investigation of the HLA system in 53 African eclamptic or imminently eclamptic women showed that they were significantly more likely to be heterozygous at the B locus than were normal controls. This did not apply to the A or D related loci.
Adult↗
HLA class I and II antigens in South African Indians with NIDDM.
The relationship between the HLA system and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in South African Indians, a migrant Indian group, was evaluated by testing HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens in 184 patients and 1444 control subjects and HLA-DR antigens in 104 patients and 330 control subjects. There was a significant increase in the frequency of HLA-Bw61 in patients compared with control subjects (27.7 vs. 18%, P = .00155), although the degree of association was not very strong (relative risk 1.7). A similar association has been noted in Fiji Indians, another migrant Indian group. However, no relationship could be established at the DR locus. It is suggested that the relatively high frequency of the Bw61 allele in South African Indians could, in the presence of some environmental factor like obesity, confer increased susceptibility to NIDDM.
Adult↗
Diurnal variations in midluteal serum progesterone measurements.
The utility of a single midluteal phase progesterone (P) value has been questioned by studies that document pulsatile P secretion. In this study, fluctuations of P values during clinical sampling times were investigated. Significant differences were found between morning and afternoon mean P values and in the timed occurrence of clinically relevant P values. Despite reported pulsatile secretion, the impact of clinically significant fluctuations may be minimized by the use of timed sampling.
Adult↗
Semen parameters and fertilization of human oocytes in vitro: a multivariable analysis.
Semen parameters in 195 couples undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer were studied using multivariable analysis. Semen parameters that correlated most closely with reduced ability to fertilize apparently mature oocytes were a slow rate of foreward progression of sperm and the presence of excess numbers of white cells in semen. In men with semen parameters within the normal range, the hamster egg penetration assay (HEPA) test did not add additional predictive power. In men with suspected semen abnormalities, however, a low attachment rating added some, but minimal, predictive value. None of the predictive methods reported thus far in this or other studies offers sufficient accuracy to reliably identify the men who will prove infertile for in vitro fertilization treatment.
Analysis of Variance↗
Histocompatibility antigens in Indian patients with myocardial infarction.
The frequency of HLA-A, B, C and DR tissue antigens in 103 Indian men aged 40 years or under who had experienced a myocardial infarction was compared with the frequency in 760 healthy Indian controls. No significant differences in antigen frequencies were found. The findings in this study provide no support for either a genetic or an immunological basis for myocardial infarction in young Indian men.
Adult↗
HLA-A, B, DR, and DQ antigens in black patients with severe chronic rheumatic heart disease.
To determine whether genetic factors could be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, we performed HLA-A and HLA-B typing in 120 black patients with severe chronic rheumatic heart disease requiring cardiac surgery, and HLA-DR and HLA-DQ typing in 103 and 97 of these patients, respectively. The HLA typing was done by a standard microlymphocytotoxicity method. Patients were 12 to 60 years old (mean 27.6 +/- 14.5). No differences in HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DQ frequencies between patients and controls were noted. HLA-DR 1 antigen was present in 12.6% of patients compared with 2.7% of normal control subjects (corrected p less than .045; relative risk = 5.2) and the HLA-DRw6 antigen was present in 31.1% of patients compared with 15% of control subjects (corrected p less than .045; relative risk = 2.6). These findings suggest that genetically determined immune-response factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of severe chronic rheumatic heart disease.
Adolescent↗
Evaluation of the infertile couple.
Evaluation of the infertile couple involves confirming the diagnosis of infertility based on history and a review of coital practices. A complete examination should include the following components: general evaluation, history, physical examination, assessment of ovulatory factor, tubal factor, peritoneal factors, uterine factors, and cervical factor, and assessment of male factor.
Cervix Mucus↗
Hyperandrogenism. Tests that simplify evaluation.
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Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
Factors affecting pregnancy rates in a donor insemination program using frozen semen.
The results of therapy of 226 women receiving frozen and fresh donor semen are reported. Overall, 45.6% of patients conceived with a monthly fecundability of 0.102. The effect of a variety of factors on fertility rates was analyzed in life-table analysis of 1000 cycles. Optimal pregnancy rates were obtained in couples with azoospermia (0.17) or no female infertility factors (0.2). Patients with ovulatory dysfunction treated with clomiphene also had optimal pregnancy rates (0.17 per cycle). Endometriosis reduced fecundability significantly (0.04 per cycle). There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates per cycle between fresh (0.12) and frozen (0.09) semen. Acceptable pregnancy rates were obtained with frozen semen therapy and in patients with treated ovulatory dysfunction.
Clomiphene↗
Positive correlation between body weight, length of human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation, and oocyte fertilization rate.
One hundred four normally cycling women were treated with fixed low-dose human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) (2 ampules/day) in preparation for oocyte aspiration for in vitro fertilization. The response rate was related to age, weight, and the ratios weight/height2 and weight/height. The required dose of hMG was related to total body weight, but not to age or either of the weight/height ratios. In patients who required fewer than 5 days of hMG (rapid responders), a significantly higher number (P less than 0.02) of oocytes were harvested, compared with slow responders. However, a smaller percentage of the oocytes from rapid responders fertilized (P less than 0.003) and resulted in a reduced rate of embryo transfer. The difference in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant. The results of the study suggest that patients undergoing in vitro fertilization who weigh less than 55 kg may benefit from treatment with a lower dose of hMG to prolong the stimulation cycle.
Adult↗
Analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid distribution in noncleaving oocytes from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.
The purpose of this study was to describe the quantity and distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in oocytes that did not fertilize or did fertilize and failed to cleave, from patients who underwent in vitro fertilization. Patients were selected with at least one cleaving egg, so that the sperm population was known to be fertile, and failure of fertilization or cleavage in the remaining oocytes could be attributed to nonspermatozoan factors. The noncleaving oocytes were classified into five categories, the majority of which (71%) lacked a polar body and any morphologically identifiable nucleus or germinal vesicle. Three general defects were found: failure to replicate the DNA properly; failure to package the DNA properly; and failure to organize the nuclear material properly after sperm penetration. It is concluded that either altered stimulation protocols or altered in vitro maturation conditions are needed to increase the average number of normal embryos available for transfer.
Cleavage Stage, Ovum↗
The HLA system and diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
HLA antigens and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in young South African Indians.
HLA, A, B and C antigens were determined in 84 South African Indian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in whom age of onset was under 35 years and in 760 healthy Indian controls. Increased frequencies of Aw24, B15 and Bw61 were seen in the patients, but the corrected P value was not significant. Among Indians of North Indian origin, however, there was a significant association between B15 and NIDDM (corrected P less than 0,012; relative risk 4,8). In Indians of South Indian origin no clear association with any specific HLA antigens was seen, although there was a slight increase in the frequency of Aw24 (uncorrected P less than 0,007; corrected P greater than 0,05). The findings in this study serve to emphasize the heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus, since no association between NIDDM and HLA antigens has been noted in whites.
Adult↗