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Biomedical subjects

M Fodor

Publications and source records attributed to M Fodor.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Measuring breath alcohol levels].

The authors review the breath alcohol measurement method based on infrared absorptiometry and its literature. In a comparative study a person's breath alcohol content was measured by either Siemens Alcomat or Seres Ethylometer instrument in routine road-blocks controls and in experiments and was compared to his/her blood alcohol level. Using the conversion factor of 2100:1 there was a high correlation between the breath and blood alcohol levels using either instrument. Despite using a single method either Siemens Alcomat or Seres Ethylometer 679-TH instrument can be recommended for evidential breath alcohol testing of driving under the influence of alcohol in routine road-blocks controls.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1997

Distribution and pharmacological characterization of somatostatin receptor binding sites in the sheep brain.

Somatostatin binding sites have been localized and quantified in the sheep brain using 125I-Tyr0-DTrp8-somatostatin, by quantitative high resolution light microscopic autoradiography. Sections were analyzed by densitometry on radioautographic film, and subsequently on slides coated with photoemulsion. Specific somatostatin binding sites were concentrated in the medial habenula, superior colliculus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, inferior olive, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and cerebellum. In competition experiments, octreotide, a sst2/sst3/sst5 selective agonist only partially displaced 125I-Tyr0-DTrp8-somatostatin in the three cerebellar layers while it was fully active as compared to somatostatin 14 and 28 in the deeper layers of the parietal cortex. Moderate to low somatostatin receptor densities were present in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, pineal gland, dorsal tegmental, dorsolateral tegmental and parabrachial nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract. The distribution of somatostatin binding sites generally correlates with the data obtained on slides dipped in photoemulsion which provided better resolution and more precise localization. In most of the labeled areas, 125I-Tyr0-DTrp8-somatostatin receptor binding was distributed between both neuropil and perikarya. Perikarya bearing 125I-Tyr0-DTrp8-somatostatin receptors were observed in areas which did not display detectable binding sites on film such as the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic complex and arcuate nucleus and in the locus coeruleus. In conclusion, the distribution of 125I-Tyr0-DTrp8-somatostatin binding sites in sheep brain is very reminiscent of other mammals being closer to the human than to rodents.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of Lys-gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone- (Lys-gamma 2-MSH)-like immunoreactivity in neuronal elements in the brain and peripheral tissues of the rat.

Using an antiserum raised against Lys- gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (Lys- gamma 2-MSH), with a high specificity for this peptide and its des-Lys derivative, gamma 2-MSH, we found Lys- gamma 2-MSH-like immunoreactivity to have a widespread distribution in the rat brain. In colchicine-treated rats, groups of immunopositive cell bodies were found in the intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and in the commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Immunopositive fibers were found to originate from the latter two cell body regions. The distribution of these fibers was similar to that of the pro-opiomelanocortin containing cell bodies and projections as it has been described previously. Immunopositive terminals were found in brain region containing neurons which have been shown to express mRNA for melanocortin receptors, though the distribution of Lys-gamma 2-MSH-like immunoreactivity is considerably more widespread than that of mRNA for the 'gamma-MSH receptor' (the melanocortin MC3 receptor), which has been reported to be mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. In the periphery Lys-gamma 2-MSH immunoreactivity was localized in the adrenal medulla and in neuronal fibers and varicosities in the heart. The vascular system, the bronchi and kidney were immunonegative. The occurrence of Lys-gamma 2-MSH immunoreactivity in many of the brain regions which are involved in cardiovascular regulation offers leads for further studies on the putative role of gamma-MSHs in cardiovascular control. The occurrence in the rat heart of Lys-gamma 2-MSH-containing fibers suggests a role of the gamma-MSHs in cardiac function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence for the synaptic connections between tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P containing nerve elements in the coeliac ganglion of cat revealed by a double labelling technique.

In order to examine the morphological substrates for neuronal connections between neuronal elements of the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion containing immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and substance P (SP), a double-immunostaining was performed. The first antigen to SP was labelled with gold-substituted silver-intensified peroxidase, which results in a granular gold deposit of high electron and light opacity. The second antigen was the TH labelled with peroxidase and a diaminobenzidine chromogen without silver-gold particles. About of 85% of the neurons contained TH immunoreactivity in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglia. The SP IR nerve fibres were mostly found around the principal ganglion cells throughout the ganglion. In most cases they made direct synaptic contact with TH positive nerve cells and dendrites. These SP-IR boutons were also found in synaptic contact with other non-labelled postsynaptic terminals and with the soma. SP-IR nerve terminals establish both symmetrical and asymmetrical synaptic contacts with TH-IR nerve elements. Some of the nerve cells which ware TH positive, were also labelled for SP. TH positive boutons were also observed in synaptic contact with other TH-IR perikarya and dendrites. Our results suggest that SP may play an important role for the integrative activities of the ganglion with regard to gastrointestinal functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Tropisetron for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy: multicenter clinical study].

The antiemetic effect of tropisetron was studied in 97 cancer patients (67 men, 30 women) receiving cisplatin in doses of 75 mg/m2 or higher. On 279 chemotherapy cycles studied (max 6 per patient) 5 mg of tropisetron was administered once a day i.v on day 1 and p.o. on days 2 to 6. Efficacy preventing vomiting and nausea was measured in 24 hour period as: complete control O episodes, major control 1 to 2 episodes, minor control 3 to 4 episodes and no control 5 or more episodes. Satisfactory vomiting control (complete and major) was 69%, 63%, 82%, 88%, 96% and 96% in days 1 to 6 of cycle 1. Satisfactory nausea control (complete and major) for the same days was 70%, 66%, 72%, 85%, 92% and 97%. Similar data was obtained for the subsequent cycles. Complete vomiting control was obtained in 47%, 35%, 56%, 72%, 81% and 84% and for nausea in 42%, 39%, 48%, 64%, 81% and 87%. 19 patients presented adverse effects (19.6%). Only 2 headache episodes had a definite relation with the antiemetic drug. 12 patients discontinued the medication; 6 due to drug inefficacy, 2 to illness unrelated to the drug, 1 to lack of collaboration, and 3 due to other reasons. We conclude that tropisetron allows satisfactory control of acute and delayed vomiting in a high percentage of patients treated with high doses of cisplatin. The drug does not have significant secondary effects. Tropisetron administration in only one daily dose implies an evident advantage and a treatment cost reduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Calcitonin gene-related peptide innervation of A2-catecholamine cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat.

By using double immunolabeling light and electron microscopic techniques, dense neuronal network of calcitonin-related peptide (CGRP) has been visualized in the nucleus of the solitary tract with complete overlapping of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing cells. TH-immunoreactive perikarya and dendrites were seen in synaptic contact with CGRP-immunopositive fibers, indicating that CGRP, by carrying sensory signals may influence autonomic regulatory mechanisms in the NTS through local catecholaminergic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Distribution, structure and transmitter content of nerve elements affecting the function of Oddi's sphincter].

Nerve elements containing neuropeptides were observed by using different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique and the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide (NO) synthase were studied in the ampulla hepatopancreatica (sphincter of Oddi) in the cat. A large amount of NPY, VIP, Substance P, somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (NPY, VIP, SP), were also observed in the wall. The NADPH-d stained cell bodies could be distinguished according to their size and the number of processes into two neuronal subtypes: large neurons with many dendrites and smaller, round cells with one or two processes. 99% of the cell bodies showed pozitive reactions for NADPH-d. The nerve fibers with NADPH-d activity were found in all layers, chiefly in the muscle layers. According to the distribution of the nerve fibers and the relationship to the effector cells, it is suggested, that these neuropeptides might have an important role in the function, and the NO containing nerve fibers are responsible for the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic inhibitory function.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1995

[Dietary carotene intake and lung cancer among men from Santiago].

Aiming to assess the association between carotenes and vitamin A intake and lung cancer, a case control study was performed. Sixty one male subjects with lung cancer and 61 controls paired for age, sex and smoking habits from 6 hospitals in Santiago were analyzed. Based on a consumption tendency enquiry, the mean weekly intake of food groups, carotenes and vitamin A was calculated, considering seasonal variations. Results showed that cases consumed less "winter" vegetables than controls (chard, beet, chicory, spinach and cabbage) but no differences between groups in carotene and retinol consumption. It is concluded that patients with lung cancer have a lower consumption of carotene rich vegetables.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1995

[Uterine lipoma localized in the myometrium. Report of a case, and review of the literature].

Lipomatous benign neoplasms of uterus are very rare entities in women. The present paper presents a case of uterine lipoma. The diagnosis is easily made at the time of surgery or at autopsy, but before this, they may lead to many problems in the differential diagnosis with another uterine tumors. Recent papers suggest the possibility of a preoperative diagnosis made by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cytogenetic analysis of this benign tumor have established chromosomal abnormalities in sites that may control cell proliferation.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Neuropeptides in the human dorsal vagal complex: an immunohistochemical study.

The distribution of twelve biologically active neuropeptides, i.e., thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides (adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), leucine-enkephalin, dynorphin A, dynorphin B, cholecystokinin, substance P, galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, was examined by immunohistochemistry in the human dorsal vagal complex including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the area postrema. Immunoreactivity of all the twelve neuropeptides was found widely distributed in the various subdivisions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, showing a unique distribution for every peptide. Neuronal cell bodies immunostained with leucine-enkephalin, galanin and dynorphin B were found in this region. There were no immunopositive perikarya for any of the peptides in the other structures studied. Fibers containing galanin, corticotropin-releasing factor, substance P, dynorphin B, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and calcitonin gene-related peptide were observed at a relatively high density in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In the same structure, a moderately dense network of fibers immunostained with dynorphin A, cholecystokinin and leucine-enkephalin, but only solitary pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides-containing fiber fragments were observed. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus the most prominent network of fibers was found to contain thyrotropin-releasing hormone, galanin and substance P. In contrast to these, no beta-endorphin immunoreactivity was detected. The area postrema contained only moderate to low densities of galanin-, substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, dynorphin B- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, galanin and beta-endorphin afferents to the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus.

A combined retrograde tracing (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase-gold complex)-immunohistochemical technique was used to identify the origin of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-immunoreactive (ir), beta-endorphin-ir, galanin (GAL)-ir and somatostatin (SRIH)-ir terminals in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, which contains all the hypophysiotrophic SRIH-ir neurons. Retrogradely labeled cells were mostly observed ipsilaterally in the arcuate, dorsomedial (DMH), suprachiasmatic nuclei and the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus. They were less abundant in the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamus. The proportion of retrogradely labeled GHRH cells was greater at the outer rim of the ventromedial nucleus (10%) than in the arcuate nucleus proper (3%). In the arcuate nucleus, 14% of the SRIH-ir cells projected to the periventricular nucleus. Of the GAL-ir cells in the arcuate and the DMH 10% were double-labeled. Scattered retrogradely labeled GAL-ir cells were observed in paraventricular and perifornical nuclei and in the lateral hypothalamus. Of the beta-Endorphin-ir cells in the ventral part of the arcuate nucleus 15% were retrogradely labeled. It is concluded that: (1) There is no major direct connection between the hypophysiotropic GHRH and SRIH neurons, respectively, located in the arcuate and periventricular nucleus. (2) GHRH projections to the periventricular nucleus arise mainly from cells located at the outer rim of the ventromedial nucleus. (3) Intrahypothalamic SRIH projections to the periventricular nucleus arise from arcuate SRIH neurons located along the wall of the third ventricle. (4) GAL neurons from the DMH and the arcuate nucleus innervate to the same extent the periventricular nucleus. (5) beta-Endorphin arcuate neurons strongly innervate the periventricular nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The neurobiology of somatostatin.

This review summarizes the recent findings on the localization of somatostatin (SRIF)-related peptides in local circuit interneurons and long projection neurons. These differential locations are discussed in relation to the multiple roles of SRIF 14 and SRIF 28 in neuroendocrine and autonomic regulation. The coexistence of SRIF with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide, is described. The pharmacological and functional properties of the recently cloned family of SRIF receptor subtypes are reviewed as well as their localization. Finally, the decrease in SRIF concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the central nervous system (CNS) commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease is critically evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers in the gallbladder].

With the use of different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique, several immunopositive nerve fibers were observed in the wall of the gallbladder of the cat. A large amount of neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. The most numerous of neuropeptide was the neuropeptide Y. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin) were also observed in the muscle layers. Only a few calcitonin gene-related peptide positive were found in the wall. Cholecystokinin immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed very rarely and were located only in the muscle layers. Enkephalin positive nerve fibers were not found. Under the electron-microscope these immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in a very close situation to the epithelial lining, to the smooth muscle cells. There were some immunoreactive nerve fibers around the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles and arteries. The distribution and the situation on the effector cells it is supposed that these neuropeptides might have important role in the motility, in the changes of the absorption and secretion of the gallbladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Rapid karyotyping in ectopic pregnancies.

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of karyotyping ectopic Fallopian tube pregnancies utilizing dividing cytotrophoblast cells. Villi from 78 ectopic conceptuses were processed by the direct chromosome technique and cytogenetic diagnosis was successful in 60 cases (76.9 per cent). The amount of villi obtained, as well as villus morphology, was correlated with cytogenetic success rate. Histological examination of the Fallopian tube was also carried out. A total of 47 cases were chromosomally abnormal (78.3 per cent), which is the highest frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities reported to date.

Chorionic Villi Sampling↗
PubMed1993

Central nervous system effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides.

This review of the CNS effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related neuropeptides discusses recent data illustrating the significance of these principles in brain function, synthesis, distribution, in particular in extrahypothalamic brain structures, binding sites, and signal transduction. Binding sites for vasopressin of the vascular V1a type have been found in the CNS and there is evidence for the existence of a subtype of the antidiuretic V2 receptor in the brain. Also two types of oxytocin binding sites have been detected. One widely distributed throughout the CNS is comparable to the uterine type receptor and a sexually dimorphic slightly different type is found in the ventromedial nucleus. Vasopressin and oxytocin can be converted to highly selective C-terminal fragments as AVP-(4-9) and OXT-(4-9) and shorter fragments. Conversely they can be acetylated. This almost completely blocks intrinsic activity in bioassays for central and peripheral effects. Such modifications are a good example of the plasticity of a neuropeptide system. For a number of CNS effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones, the whole molecule is required, as it is for their endocrine effects. This is the case for the influence of vasopressin on social communication, temperature regulation, epilepsy, and barrel rotation which may be an animal model of febrile convulsions, and some aspects of the central regulation of the cardiovascular system and for oxytocin on sexual behavior, social communication, and grooming. Nonendocrine C-terminal conversion products seem to exert their effects exclusively on the brain. These neuropeptides modulate learning and memory processes, social recognition, and rewarded behavior. The neuroendocrine and neuropeptide effect of vasopressin and oxytocin and related neuropeptides often exert their CNS effects in an opposite way. Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate are the neurotransmitters involved in the influence of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related neuropeptides on brain function. It appears that adequate amounts of vasopressin and oxytocin to induce these effects are released at the appropriate sites of action. It is postulated that the mix of neuropeptides released in the brain in response to environmental changes qualifies the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immune response and the response of the autonomic nervous and vegetative systems of the organism. Although various other neuropeptides, such as those colocalized in vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons, those produced in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) systems, and others, play a role in the modulation of adaptive responses, the neurohypophyseal hormones are unique in that their production sites in the hypothalamus serve the periphery, the pituitary, and the brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

[Transitional carcinoma of the bladder. Evaluation of prognostic factors].

This study evaluates prognostic factors in 25 patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder with a minimum follow up of two years. Histologically there were 12 patients with grade I tumors according to the Mostofi's classification, 10 patients with grade II lesions and 3 grade III. The course of the grade I and II tumors was similar and the grade III worse. According to stage, there were 11 patients stage 0, 8 stage A, 3 stage B and 3 stage C. Patients with all stages recurred but only those with stage B and C died of their disease. In 18 patients the expression of the beta subunit of HCG and of the blood group isoantigens was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. There were 8 negative cases and 10 positive for the beta subunit of HCG and 10 negative and 8 positive for the blood group isoantigens. DNA analysis was done with an image analyzer on cytological smears of the urine in the 25 cases after decolorization of the smears and Feulgen staining. There were 5 diploid and 25 aneuploid cases. The DNA malignancy grade was determined with a range between 0.100 and 2.689 and the number of events more than 5c (5N). The presence of HCG, aneuploid tumors, a malignancy grade higher than 0.500 and the presence of events more than 5c were statistically significant unfavorable prognostic factors. The presence of blood group isoantigens was associated with a better evolution of the tumor but did not reach statistical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1992

Ultrastructural localization of somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the feline liver.

The distribution and the possible source of somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers were studied in the liver of the cat by immunocytochemical techniques. Abundant substance P-immunoreactive and a moderate number of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found running around the blood vessels in the perilobular connective tissue. Some somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were also observed in the liver. A moderate number of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve profiles were found inside the hepatic lobules along the sinusoid endothelial cells and the hepatocytes. The interspace between the axon and hepatocyte and endothelial cells membranes was about 20 nm. Cutting the extrinsic hepatic nerves resulted in marked reduction of substance P-immunoreactive nerves but only a slight reduction of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves in the liver. These findings provide a morphological basis for the possibility that somatostatin and substance P may act as transmitters or neuromodulators on the neighboring smooth muscle cells of vessels and may regulate the function of the hepatocytes. It is also possible that some of these fibers serve sensory function along the blood vessels.

Animals↗