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Biomedical subjects

M Finland

Publications and source records attributed to M Finland.

188 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, 1935-1975.

A limited review of the changes in susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens to available antibacterial agents is presented. Significant developments in recent years include the following: (1) the emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased resistance to penicillin and of some strains resistant to several antibiotics; (2) a decline in prevalence of multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after 1960 following their increasing prevalence in the preceding years (these changes were methicillin-resistant (and multi-drug-resistant) S. aureus and the marked differences in their prevalence in different areas (these changes also were related to appearance of new phages in those organisms); (4) an increasing resistance to multiple drugs among enterococci but not among viridans streptococci or among nonenterococcal group D streptococci; (5) the emergence of beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae; (6) the emergence and spread of sulfonamide-resistant Neisseria meningitidis; (7) the occurrence of beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae and occasional strains resistant to chloramphenicol; (8) the focal occurrence of chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi in Vietnam and in epidemic form in Mexico; (9) the demonstration of marked differences in prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in common pathogens to the most widely used antibiotics in different geographic areas. The dominant factor in the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, whether in hospital wards or in the community, is clearly the intensive use of the antibiotic agents to which resistance emerges and then spreads.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Empiric therapy for bacterial infections: the historical perspective.

The term empiric is defined, and its implications in the treatment of infectious diseases and the selection of beta-lactam antibiotics are discussed. Some changes in the choice of empiric therapy during the last half-century are brought out by a discussion of therapy for selected infections. For some infections the changes (if any) have been only minor; for others, however, the changes have resulted in a progressive decline in mortality, a shortening of the course of the disease, and the reduction or elimination of complications. Among the diseases discussed are seborrheic dermatitis, malaria, syphilis, typhoid fever, pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, and bacterial meningitis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972.

An analysis is presented of the duration of hospitalization of the patients with acute bacterial (purulent) meningitis which occurred at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Considerable differences in the length of stay in the hospital were noted depending on the bacterial etiology, whether the infection was present on admission or acquired within the hospital, and, of course, whether the patient survived or died. Most of the deaths occurred within the first few days after admission or after the diagnosis was first established, but even among fatal cases, the survival time differed depending on the etiology and site of acquisition of the infection. During the years after effective antibiotics became available the hospital stay of patients who survived after admission for meningococcal, influenzal, or pneumococcal meningitis was shorter than before. The same has not been true for meningitis caused by other gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, or mixed infections, probably reflecting the relative ineffectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in such patients.

Acute Disease↗