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Biomedical subjects

M Fantino

Publications and source records attributed to M Fantino.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Lack of plasmic beta-endorphin response to a gastronomic meal in healthy humans.

In order to study the relationship between the endogenous opiate system and food intake in man, plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin were measured in ten healthy subjects. Time course of beta-endorphinemia was compared under the following conditions: basal (fasting), after an injection of pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg), or after a gastronomic meal. No changes in plasma beta-endorphin or ACTH concentrations were observed with pentagastrin nor after the meal, despite the combination of very high sensory pleasure with intake of a very large amount of food. It is concluded that blood beta-endorphin concentration is not a sensitive index of the effects of food intake on the endogenous opioid system in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Reduction of negative alliesthesia for sweet gustatory stimuli by cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist.

Cyproheptadine (CH) is a serotonin antagonist that increases food intake and body weight. In order to elucidate its mechanism of action on the control of food intake, hunger ratings, pleasure-displeasure to sweet gustatory stimuli and negative alliesthesia induced by a 50 g glucose load were compared in 14 healthy subjects after they had received a placebo or 16 mg of CH. Cyproheptadine did not affect the hunger rating, nor the affective rating in fasted subjects, but it reduced significantly the negative alimentary alliesthesia induced by the glucose load. It was concluded that CH increases food intake more by reducing satiation than by increasing hunger. This is in line with the anti-serotoninergic properties of CH, and the action of serotonin on the control of food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Negative allesthesia and decreased endogenous opiate system activity in anorexia nervosa.

The combined effects of an intragastric load of glucose compared to water and of naltrexone compared to placebo were tested on preference for sucrose in six anorectic patients. While in normal subjects, glucose-induced negative allesthesia is known to disappear upon loss of weight, it persisted in anorexia nervosa (AN) despite a major weight loss; furthermore, in contrast with its effects in normoponderal subjects, naltrexone at the dose of 25 mg did not decrease the preference for sucrose nor did it enhance glucose-induced allesthesia. Basal plasma beta endorphin level determined by radioimmunoassay was higher in AN than in normal subjects (75 +/- 6.1 pmoles/l vs. 13 +/- 3.8 pmoles/l) (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that a decrease in endogenous system opiate activity might be associated with food refusal and body weight loss in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Determinants of feeding behavior].

Food intake is the homoeostatic behaviour through which all beings regulate their energy balance. Short-term control is exerted by the brain at each meal, according to the nutritional requirements. The purpose of this control is to ensure long-term regulation of the energy (or adipose) mass reserve which is the principal determinant of bodyweight. After 75 years of investigation, it now appears that the systemic stimulus which initiates food intake probably is a fall in the capacity of cells to produce energy (and therefore power) and that this parameter is most likely to be measured by hypothalamic receptors. The discontinuation of food ingestion behaviour always takes long before the nutriments ingested have been absorbed and have been able to correct the hunger signal. This means that it has its own inhibitory mechanisms the starting point of which is the various sensitivities aroused by food intake and by nutriments before they reach the milieu interne, viz.: the oronaso-pharyngeal analyser system, the gastric stretch receptors and the intestinal or portal-hepatic chemoreceptors. Their activation rests on conditioning processes or on reflex processes one of the effects of which is to induce a change in the affective component associated with food stimuli. It is through these mechanisms that hedonic factors are integrated in the control of food intake. In terms of neurophysiology, it is certain that the main role is played by the ventro-medial and lateral nuclei of the thalamus, although these nuclei should no longer be regarded as centres of hunger or satiety but as integrating areas acting synergistically with many other cerebral structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Eating↗
PubMed1989

Effects of dexfenfluramine on the feeding behavior of rats foraging in the cold for palatable bait.

An alimentary/thermic conflict of motivation was used to explore the effects of very low doses of dexfenfluramine (dFF), an anorectic serotoninergic agonist, on the parameters of food motivation, drive and incentive (or palatability). Six rats trained to feed 2 hr/day, were given the possibility to feed on chow in a shelter (25 degrees C), and to get a snack of shortcake, a highly palatable bait, from a feeder placed 16 m away in a very cold environment (-15 degrees C). dFF at 0.6 or 1.25 mg/kg decreased neither the chow intake in the shelter, nor the mean duration of the snacks in the cold, which is the parameter believed to be the best indicator of incentive. In contrast, dFF reduced the number of trips to the bait in the cold as well as the total mass of palatable bait ingested and the mean amount ingested by snack. Such an effect was no longer observed after a food restriction had reduced the body weight of the rats to 90% of its initial value. It is concluded that, even at doses too small to reduce the consumption of basic food, dFF decreases the drive to get palatable food.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of a low dose of naltrexone on glucose-induced allesthesia and hunger in humans.

In order to study the effects of a low dose of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on ingestive behavior for sucrose in humans, preference for sucrose solutions and feelings of hunger were scored on visual analogical scale by 14 healthy subjects with or without naltrexone. Effects of intragastric glucose load or water, and naltrexone (25 mg) or placebo were tested. At this low dose, naltrexone alone had a slight effect on allesthesia, and it produced a strong potentiation of glucose-induced allesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Smectite reduces gastroesophageal reflux in newborn infants.

We assessed the efficacy of a natural clay (smectite) on the frequency and the duration of acid (pH less than 4) and very acid (pH less than 3) gastroesophageal reflux (GER) measured by 24-hour continuous pH recording (CPR). Twenty newborn infants were enrolled in this double-blind controlled study owing to pathological CPR in supine position. After inclusion, all the patients were maintained in the 30-degree elevated prone position and received either smectite (3 g/day; n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) for 7 days. On the 8th day, a second 24-hour CPR was performed in supine position. The postural therapy alone (placebo group) was followed by a significant decrease in the numbers of acid GER (p less than 0.05) during the second CPR. The combination of postural therapy and smectite treatment was followed by a decrease in the number of acid (p less than 0.05) and very acid GER (p = 0.01), the percentages of time spent at pH below 4 (p less than 0.05) and 3 (p less than 0.01) and the maximal duration of acid GER (p less than 0.05).

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1989

[Advantages of a single daily dose of sodium valproate in the child].

This study was aimed at testing the efficacy and innocuousness of a single dose of sodium valproate (SV) for the treatment of epilepsy, as compared with 3 daily doses. It was tested on 35 children, 5 to 15 years of age, presenting with the idiopathic form of generalized epilepsy. At the end of one year of treatment with 20 mg/kg/day of SV in 3 daily doses, the children were given a single dose at 8 PM daily. Every 3 months for a period of one year, patients were examined in order to monitor the clinical efficacy and side effects, liver function tests and serum levels of SV at 9 AM and 6 PM. Twenty patients who were well controlled with 3 daily doses had no fits with the single dose treatment. Ten patients, who had had one fit every 6 months during the observation year had no convulsions during the year on a single dose: however, 5 others who had had one fit every 6 months with 3 doses, had fits with the same frequency with the single dose treatment. There were no side effects. SV plasma levels at 9 AM were always higher than those at 6 PM. The efficacy of a single dose may result from the action of SV which increases the intra-cerebral levels of GABA, which are delayed and prolonged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Dexfenfluramine and feeding behavior. Clinical and pharmacoclinical studies].

Dexfenfluramine is undoubtedly the most studied molecule in the field of feeding behaviour and it has increased our fundamental knowledge of food intake and body mass regulation. Animal and human studies have shown that dexfenfluramine increases the degree of satiety induced by food intake. Dexfenfluramine seems to act directly on the fundamental mechanisms of energetic regulation. Dexfenfluramine also has an original effect on some food intake disorders. In "carbohydrate cravers", dexfenfluramine reduces total food intake by selectively reducing carbohydrate snacks without reducing protein intake significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Endogenous opiates, palatability and control of food intake].

Endogenous opiate or opioïds are peptidic neuromodulators which bind with specific receptors (mu, kappa, delta, etc), and thus control numerous physiological process, mainly pain and food intake (FI). Endogenous or exogenous agonists of opioïd receptors increase FI. Antagonists decrease it. However several results indicate discrepancies. The anorectic activity of antagonists is different of the activity of classical anorexigenic drugs since inhibition of opioïd receptors did not induce long term change of body weight. The analysis of the neurophysiological action of the opioïd system on FI can explain this apparent discrepancy. Opioïds act on the short term control of FI modulating the rewarding properties of alimentary stimuli: agonist increase and antagonists decrease it. Such an action correspond to a control of food palatability or, in human, to a control of the sensory pleasure/displeasure associated with food stimuli. Opioïd system does not seem to directly act on body weigh regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dexfenfluramine and body weight regulation: experimental study with hoarding behavior.

At very low doses dexfenfluramine, a serotonin agonist, is a potent inhibitor of hoarding behavior. The dose able to suppress 40% of this food motivated response (ED 40) is approximately 0.3 mg/kg. The action of dexfenfluramine is mediated through serotoninergic receptors because it is suppressed by a pretreatment with metergoline, a selective serotonin-receptor blocker, but is not modified by haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Body weight set-point changes during the ovarian cycle: experimental study of rats using hoarding behavior.

Body weight, food intake and food hoarding behavior were measured in 12 female rats fed ad lib and correlated with the ovarian cycle of each. All three parameters fluctuated synchronously, being minimal at estrus and maximal at diestrus. The hypothesis was then tested that these fluctuations result from cyclical oscillation of the body weight set-point entrained by the ovarian cycle, as previously proposed by others. The linear correlation between hoarding behavior and body weight was used to extrapolate the computed threshold of body weight at which hoarding behavior occurred at diestrus and at estrus; this threshold has already been shown to be a good index of the body weight set-point. The results indicated that the regression of hoarding behavior on body weight was virtually identical at estrus and diestrus (same slope), but the critical level of body weight for the onset of hoarding behavior was 31.2 g lower at estrus than at diestrus. This provides direct evidence in the rat of fluctuation of the body weight set-point with the ovarian cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of dexfenfluramine on body weight set-point: study in the rat with hoarding behaviour.

The food hoarding behaviour paradigm (HB) was used to evaluate the modification of the set-point of body weight (BW) regulation induced by dexfenfluramine (D-FF) in rats fed with chow or previously made obese by a cafeteria diet for 51 days. Daily injections of D-FF at a dose of 7 mg/kg (i.p.) induced a 58.5 g shift-down of the BW set-point in a group of chow fed rats submitted to HB measurement, and induced an equivalent weight reducing effect in a control-BW group always fed with chow ad libitum. In the rats fed ad libitum with the cafeteria diet, the BW reducing effect of D-FF(7 mg/kg/day) was about twice as great as in the lean rats. The HB measurement indicates that the vehicle-injected/cafeteria-obese rats had a BW set-point 54.6 g lower than the BW they reached when fed ad libitum with the cafeteria diet. It was concluded that the hyperphagia induced by the cafeteria diet was above that needed for BW regulation, and that D-FF may suppress this unregulated weight increase. In the cafeteria-obese rats submitted to HB measurement and D-FF injections a BW set-point 110.7 g lower than their initial ad libitum BW was observed. It is concluded that D-FF has induced a double effect in these rats: (1) a shift-down of the BW set-point and (2) the suppression of the unregulated weight increase induced by the cafeteria diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

An opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces preference for sucrose in humans.

Eight healthy nonobese volunteers were asked to rate, on a pleasure-displeasure scale, sucrose and salty solutions as well as alimentary and nonalimentary odors. Effects of intragastric glucose load (vs. water load) and naltrexone (vs. placebo) were tested. Naltrexone produces a significant decrease for sweetened solution on the pleasure scale, a shift even stronger than that of the glucose load itself. Such a decrease is also observed for alimentary odors but not for responses to nonalimentary stimuli. Thus the opioid system is involved in ingestive behavior in humans, and this action is perhaps specific.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Respiratory syncytial virus infections in newborn infants].

Twenty-three of 23 neonates were contaminated in the course of an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in a neonatal care unit. Symptoms among 22 infected symptomatic infants included rhinitis (n = 21), dyspnea (n = 19), cough (n = 17), apnea (n = 5), seizures (n = 3), fever (n = 3). Five patients presented with severe respiratory distress. The occurrence of non-obstructive apnea was significantly correlated with a history of respiratory disease, RSV infection during the first 15 days of life and the severity of lower respiratory tract RSV infection.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1986

[Weight indices during the first 18 months of life in low birthweight infants].

A prospective study was carried out among 190 low birthweight neonates (less than 2,500 g) in order to assess their ratio of total body fat by 2 adiposity indices: Weight/Height3 (W/H3) at birth and Weight/Height2 (W/H2) subsequently. Adequate for gestational age (AGA) girls with weight indices (W/H3) above the 10th percentile (AGA/I+) had a lower height than AGA/I- girls on the 6th (p less than 0.01) and 9th (p less than 0.05) months of corrected chronological ages. Mean weight and height of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates with weight indices (W/H3) lower than the 10th percentile (SGA/I-) were similar to the SGA/I+ as soon as 3 months of corrected chronological age. SGA/I+ infants experienced a progressive increase in low weight indices (W/H2) until 15-18 months without significant differences with SGA/I- at 3, 6, 9 months of corrected chronological age. Meanwhile, low indices (W/H2) were more frequently observed in SGA/I- at 15-18 months. Thus the early characteristics in weight indices disclose a lower ratio of body fat in SGA infants than in normal children, at least up to age 15-18 months.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Effect of a cold ambient temperature on the rat's food hoarding behavior.

In a first experiment, the amount of food hoarded in three hour sessions (HB) by eight food deprived rats, was measured at three ambient temperatures: 30, 17.5 and 5 degrees C. At the three temperatures, the mass of food pellets hoarded by the rats was linearly related to the rats' body weight (BW) with a negative slope. The slope of the regression lines was significantly higher at 5 and 17.5 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. In a second experiment, BW and HB of ten non-deprived rats were measured every day, first at 30, then at 10 degrees C, then at 30 degrees C again (70 days). In the cold environment, HB immediately increased without BW loss. This effect was immediately reversible by the adjunction of an insulating styrofoam mattress. HB of non deprived rats in the cold was therefore more a thermoregulatory behavior than an alimentary response. In a third experiment, ad lib fed or deprived rats could hoard either food pellets or styrofoam lumps at 30 degrees C or at 5 degrees C. In the cold environment, when non-deprived, the rats hoarded styrofoam rather than food. However, as soon as they were food deprived, they reversed their choice and hoarded food rather than styrofoam. It is concluded that food can be hoarded as a thermal insulator in a cold environment but HB is mainly an alimentary response increased by a cold stress.

Animals↗