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Biomedical subjects

M Eriksson

Publications and source records attributed to M Eriksson.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Distribution and origin of peptide-containing nerve fibres in the rat and human mammary gland.

The structures in the mammary gland involved in milk ejection have been investigated with regard to their relation to different types of peptidergic nerve fibres and their origin. Lactating rats were studied with immunohistochemistry focusing on the nipple, the parenchyma, the mammary blood vessels and the mammary nerve. The human mammary gland was also analysed. In the mammary gland from rat and human, nerve endings in the subepidermis, around smooth muscle cells in the nipple, in the connective tissue surrounding lactiferous ducts and alveoli in the nipple and in the parenchyma of the mammary gland showed immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine, neuropeptide Y, galanin and tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas dynorphin-positive nerve fibres could not be detected. The mammary nerve contained calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities; the adventitia of the mammary artery contained nerve fibres immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase, while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide histidine isoleucine-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-positive fibres were found in the tissue surrounding the artery. The wall of the mammary vein had nerve terminals immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. With the help of retrograde tracing using wheat germ agglutinin in combination with immunohistochemistry, projections of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal root ganglia to the nipple were established. Neurons in the sympathetic stellate ganglion containing neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase also projected to the mammary gland. Moreover retrogradely-labelled cells were found in the nodose ganglion, and they were vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive. These results demonstrate a rich distribution of different types of nerve fibres in structures of the mammary gland related to milk ejection. These nerve fibres and their peptides may be involved in the local control of milk ejection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The long-term outcome of proximal vein thrombosis during pregnancy is not improved by the addition of surgical thrombectomy to anticoagulant treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the long-term outcome for pregnant/puerperal women with iliofemoral venous thrombosis treated either with thrombectomy and additional anticoagulants or with anticoagulants alone. DESIGN: Retrospective study of two treatment methods. MATERIALS: Thirty women with iliofemoral venous thrombosis during pregnancy or puerperium were treated with thrombectomy and additional anticoagulants. Twenty-five women, with the same condition, treated with anticoagulants only were obtained from a registry. The mean follow-up time for both groups was 9 years. The patients of the two groups were well matched, had the same risk factor score and were comparable except for duration of symptoms before treatment. METHODS: The follow-up comprised history and clinical examination, colour Duplex ultrasound and venous strain-gauge plethysmography. RESULTS: Patency of iliac veins, symptoms of chronic venous disease, venous emptying and venous reflux did not differ between the groups. A significant reduction of outflow was found in 20% of the surgically treated patients and 16% of the controls. Impaired muscle pump function was seen in less than half of the patients in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical thrombectomy does not offer any advantage over anticoagulation treatment alone in the long-term outcome for patients with iliofemoral venous thrombosis during pregnancy or puerperium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A non-random deletion in the p53 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

In a retrospective study of the mutational spectrum of the p53 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma, 80 primary tumours diagnosed in 1980-90 were included. Using polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR/SSCP) analysis 47 mutations were found distributed in 39 of the tumours (49%). Unexpectedly, the majority of the mutations (29/47; 62%) were found in exon 8, and at sequencing 17 of them showed a 14 bp deletion in codons 287-292, causing formation of a stop codon and accordingly a truncated protein lacking the C-terminal. The majority of the patients with the 14 bp deletion were women (13/17), and it seemed as though certain potential risk factors for carcinoma of the head and neck were less common in this group.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Studies on cutaneous blood flow in the mammary gland of lactating rats.

The mechanisms that regulate mammary blood flow during lactation are not fully understood. In the present study laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure blood flow in the cutaneous microvessels of the mammary gland of lactating rats. The effects of suckling on blood flow were examined, as were those of local injection of oxytocin (0.5-5 mU) and the vasoactive peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 0.1-10 pmol), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 0.4-20 pmol) and neuropeptide Y (NPY; 1-40 pmol). Blood flow responses to suckling varied depending on how much time had lapsed since the previous suckling. In rats with milk in the gland, suckling caused an initial increase in blood flow. In connection with milk let-down, the blood flow decreased, but was followed by a second increase. In recently suckled rats with no milk in the gland the increase in blood flow corresponded to the number of pups suckling. Oxytocin injections also had varying effects on mammary blood flow depending on how recently suckling had taken place. In non-suckled rats with milk in the gland, oxytocin injections caused a rise in blood flow that was interrupted by a fall during milk ejection. In recently suckled rats, all doses of oxytocin caused an increase in blood flow of similar magnitude. However, the effect of the higher doses had a longer duration. CGRP and VIP injections caused a dose-dependent increase in mammary blood flow regardless of when suckling last occurred. NPY injections caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Changes in biliary lipid output after interruption of pravastatin treatment in humans.

The use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (e.g. pravastatin) has gradually increased in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. By inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis) activity, cholesterol synthesis in the liver is reduced and the plasma level of cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, is substantially lowered. Simultaneously, inhibition of HMG CoA reductase activity is associated with increased synthesis and accumulation of larger amounts of HMG CoA reductase enzyme protein. The main purpose of this study was to determine if the cessation of pravastatin treatment causes a rapid increase in the synthesis and biliary secretion of cholesterol, a condition which might lead to a temporarily increased cholesterol saturation of bile. Nine patients undergoing surgery for stones in the common bile duct were fitted with T-tubes in the common bile duct peroperatively; the side arm of the T-tube was left open postoperatively, creating a biliary fistula. All patients were given 6 days' treatment with pravastatin (20 mg b.i.d.) following the operation. Bile was collected from the T-tube, in 12-h fractions during this period and for another 3 days after termination of the treatment. Plasma levels of lipoproteins and lathosterol--reflecting cholesterol synthesis--were determined on several occasions. After cessation of pravastatin treatment, the plasma levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased by 21% and 33% respectively. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol did not change. The plasma level of lathosterol was increased two- to fourfold. Outputs of bile acids and phospholipids were significantly increased (23% and 10% respectively) after termination of treatment, whereas the output of cholesterol was not significantly changed. Cholesterol saturation was reduced by 20%, from 175 +/- 37% to 140 +/- 19%, but this change was not significant. The results indicate that, with the present experimental model (biliary diversion), the synthesis and biliary secretion of bile acids seem to be largely dependent on the de novo synthesis of cholesterol in the liver, whereas the biliary output of cholesterol is not.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed1996

Incidence of neoplasms in ages 0-19 y in parts of Sweden with high 137Cs fallout after the Chernobyl accident.

The incidence of neoplasms in childhood and adolescence in northern and central Sweden before and after the radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident was investigated in an ecologic study, 1978 to 1992. The study included all parishes in the six most contaminated counties classified after aerial mapping of ground radiation from 137Cs and investigated 746 cases of neoplasms in ages 0-19 y, diagnosed in the six counties. Incidence and relative risks of neoplasms were compared in areas with high, intermediate, and low contamination after versus before the Chernobyl accident in 1986. A continuous increase of brain tumor incidence in the ages 0-19 y during the period 1978-92 without clear relationship to the Chernobyl fallout was discovered. No clear relationship between the incidence of brain tumor and the exposure to varying levels of radiation from 137Cs was apparent. A somewhat decreased relative risk of acute lymphatic leukemia appeared in areas with increased exposure. Other neoplasms showed no changes in incidence over time or with regard to exposure. Until now, there is no indication that the Chernobyl accident has affected the incidence of childhood and adolescence neoplasms in Sweden, but it is still too early for any final conclusion about the effect of this event.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

An unusually avulsed penis successfully replanted by using microsurgical technique.

An unusually avulsed penis and its successful microsurgical replantation is reported. The penis was self-avulsed between the superficial fascia of the shaft, and the shaft was cut distally, just proximal to the glans, with the whole glans and a short part of the shaft hanging in the avulsed skin of the penis. According to our search in the literature, this is the first successful replantation of such a case by microsurgery. The blood circulation of the replant was reestablished, after 15 hours of tissue ischemia, by means of microsurgical vascular anastomosing of the minimal subcutaneous vessels in the skin. Both the skin and the glans survived, indicating the alternative possibility of replantation of avulsed penile skin by microsurgery, rather than by skin grafting.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Wheezing bronchitis in children. Incidence, viral infections, and other risk factors in a defined population.

Risk factors for severe wheezing bronchitis were studied in children aged 4 months to 4 years in need of hospitalization. The children included in the study consisted of all cases generated from a geographically defined population, the catchment area of St Göran's hospital in Stockholm. The incidence was 3/1000 children and year, during the two years of observation, with the highest rate in boys under the age of 18 months (4.7/1000). Symptoms of a preceding upper respiratory tract infection were reported in 90% of the cases, but a viral etiology could only be demonstrated with virus isolation in 26%. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most common finding in younger children. Rhinovirus was primarily seen in older children with a history of previous wheezing. Regardless of whether the cases had a positive or negative virus isolation they showed the same seasonal distribution. Furthermore, there was no difference in risk factors between children with a positive and negative virus isolation. Children older than 18 months with negative virus isolation had higher IgE levels than those with positive isolation, suggesting that atopy is of greater importance in this group.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1996

Beneficial effects of pre-treatment with vitamin A on cardiac and pulmonary functions in endotoxaemic pigs.

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is associated with high mortality despite the development of new antibiotics. Since Vitamin A has an immunomodulating ability and is able to lower the concentrations of endotoxin and some cytokines, we decided to study whether supplementation with vitamin A may have a beneficial effect in experimental endotoxaemia. METHODS: A porcine model was used, in which normally bred (i.e., not vitamin A depleted) animals were anaesthetised, monitored and injected intramuscularly with a non-toxic dose of vitamin A (230 IU.kg-1) (n = 9) or the corresponding volume of vehicle (n = 9) 1 hour before an infusion of purified E. coli endotoxin was given in a dose of 10 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 over 6 hours. Another 3 pigs also injected with vitamin A, but not endotoxin, served as controls. RESULTS: Vitamin A- and endotoxin-injected pigs were significantly less affected in several circulatory and respiratory variables as compared to vehicle-and endotoxin-injected animals (e.g., blood pressure; heart rate; cardiac index; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; left and right ventricular stroke work indices; pH; base excess; oxygen delivery; and oxygen extraction). Vitamin A did not per se significantly affect these variables. Hb increased significantly in the vehicle group, indicating a more pronounced capillary permeability. Urinary output or fluid supply did not differ between the groups. Myocardial production of metabolites of prostacyclin or thromboxane A2 did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment with vitamin A had a beneficial effect on several variables, such as oxygen delivery and metabolic acidosis in the endotoxaemic pig. Improvement of these variables is associated with increased survival in septic shock and may indicate reduced tissue hypoxia. Thus, vitamin A may turn out to be useful as a prophylactic agent in conditions where septic shock is apt to occur.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1996

A randomised trial of two expectant managements of prelabour rupture of the membranes at 34 to 42 weeks.

OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetric and perinatal outcome between two different expectant managements in women with prelabour rupture of the membranes (PROM). DESIGN: A randomised study. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand three hundred and eighty-five women with rupture of the membranes at 34 to 42 weeks without contractions. INTERVENTIONS: Women without contractions 2 h after admission were randomised to early induction the following morning after PROM (early induction group) or induction two days later (late induction group). Women with contractions starting within 2 h after admission were included in the calculations as a short latency group. Digital examinations of the cervix were avoided until onset of active labour. Labour was induced with oxytocin in both groups if no spontaneous contractions occurred or if chorioamnionitis or fetal distress was detected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency of spontaneous deliveries, operative deliveries, maternal and neonatal infections. RESULTS: In nulliparous women, a higher rate of spontaneous deliveries was found in the late induction group (89%) compared with the early induction group (81%) (P < 0.05). The ventouse extraction rate was 7% and 14% respectively (P < 0.05). A low (2-4%) caesarean section rate was recorded and did not differ between the groups. Endometritis was detected in six women after delivery. Sixty-one children were treated with antibiotics, and no difference could be detected between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: A higher rate of spontaneous deliveries was found among nulliparous women with prolonged latency as compared with brief latency prior to induction. A protocol of no digital examination before labour was associated with infrequent maternal and fetal morbidity, regardless of latency.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Amphetamine addiction during pregnancy: 14-year follow-up of growth and school performance.

Sixty-five children born to women who all abused amphetamine during pregnancy have been followed prospectively since their birth in 1976-77. At the age of 14-15 years, information about growth and school achievement was collected from school records. For comparison of school achievements the means of schoolmates were used, and for growth a group of Stockholm children born in the same year. By the age of 14 years only 14 children (22%) had stayed with their biological mothers for the whole period since birth. In the eighth grade, 10 (15%) were one grade lower than indicated by their biological age. The norm for Sweden is less than 5%. The means of the points in mathematics, Swedish language and sports were statistically below those of their classmates. At the age of 10 years the girls were significantly shorter and lighter than their peers born in 1976. At the age of 14 years the boys were statistically taller and heavier than their peers. It can be concluded that maternal amphetamine abuse during pregnancy will influence children at lest up to the age of 14-15 years even though many of them have been living in foster homes since a young age.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Breastfeeding: physiological, endocrine and behavioural adaptations caused by oxytocin and local neurogenic activity in the nipple and mammary gland.

It is now well established that oxytocin, as well as stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection, promotes the development of maternal behaviour and also bonding between mother and offspring. In addition, oxytocin exerts by way of peripheral, circulating as well as by central, neurogenic mechanisms multiple physiological, endocrine and behavioural effects in connection with milk ejection and lactation. Some effects of oxytocin in the nipple and mammary gland appear to be exerted in close collaboration with peptides released from axon collaterals of somatosensory nerves originating in this region. The distribution of peptides localized to the somatosensory afferents in the nipple and mammary gland as well as possible effects by oxytocin and/or local neurogenic peptides in connection with milk ejection and lactation are reviewed in this paper.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Development of peripheral chemoreceptor function in infants with chronic lung disease and initially lacking hyperoxic response.

Ten preterm infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) and undeveloped peripheral chemoreceptor function, described as ventilatory response to hyperoxia, were investigated, according to an individual protocol. Each infant was followed up until the response to hyperoxic inhalation had been observed on two occasions. Each examination consisted of overnight recording of saturation, testing of lung compliance and airway resistance, and the hyperoxic test. The hyperoxic response appeared at a mean postnatal age of 14 weeks (range 9-33 weeks). This response, which was independent of the infant's lung mechanics, appeared much later in infants with the severe form of CLD. As undeveloped peripheral chemoreceptor function has been suggested to be a key factor in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the delayed development of their chemosensitivity leaves some infants with CLD unprotected against hypoxia at the age at which the risk for SIDS is highest.

Chemoreceptor Cells↗
PubMed1996

Expression of Fos-related antigens, oxytocin, dynorphin and galanin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of lactating rats.

The magnocellular oxytocin neurons within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (PVN and SON) of the hypothalamus are important relays in the milk ejection reflex in lactating animals, and are activated by suckling. It has been suggested that proto-oncogene transcription factors such as Fos/Jun act as early nuclear transducers of sensory stimuli in neurons. Therefore, we have studied with immunohistochemistry Fos-related antigens (FRAs) as a marker for neuronal activity in the PVN and SON during suckling in lactating rats. In nonlactating rats, only few cells exhibiting FRAs were observed in these nuclei. Also in lactating rats subjected to continuous suckling Fos-like activity was low. In contrast, lactating rats separated from their pups for 4 h and then exposed to suckling for 1 h expressed strong Fos-like immunoreactivity, both in vasopressin and oxytocin neurons. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we have also investigated the expression of the mRNAs for oxytocin, dynorphin, galanin and galanin message-associated peptide and of oxytocin and dynorphin in the PVN of lactating and nonlactating rats. In lactating rats, an increase in oxytocin and dynorphin and their mRNAs was observed, whereas mRNAs for galanin and galanin message-associated peptide were downregulated. With the help of immunohistochemistry and double-staining methods, a substantial coexistence between oxytocin- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivities was shown in magnocellular neurons. These results indicate that FRAs are activated in the PVN in the beginning of a suckling period, while this response cannot be seen after continuous stimulation. Furthermore, in the PVN of lactating rats, an upregulation of oxytocin and dynorphin occurs while galanin expression decreases. Finally, the coexistence between oxytocin and dynorphin is more pronounced in lactating rats and nonlactating female rats than has previously been described in male rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evidence of a peripheral and a central effect of oxytocin on pancreatic hormone release in rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate how oxytocin given subcutaneously (SC) and intracerebroventricularly (ICV) influences the secretion of insulin, glucagon and glucose and to investigate whether the effect on these variables of suckling in lactating rats is mediated by oxytocinergic mechanisms. Male rats were given oxytocin in doses of 2 or 20 ng (SC) or 2 or 200 ng (ICV). Trunk blood was collected and hormone analysis performed by radioimmunoassay. Subcutaneous injections of oxytocin increased insulin, glucagon and glucose levels significantly. Two nanograms oxytocin given ICV had no effect on glucagon and glucose levels but caused a significant rise in insulin levels at this time point. This effect was abolished by atropine. The oxytocin antagonist 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr-(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin administered ICV increased insulin levels itself and therefore the effect on oxytocin-induced insulin secretion was difficult to evaluate. Intracerebroventricular injections of 200 ng oxytocin caused a significant rise not only of insulin but also of glucagon and glucose levels. Since this dose of oxytocin also caused a substantial rise of circulating oxytocin levels, these effects on glucose and glucagon may have been exerted at a peripheral site. Suckling in lactating rats was followed by a significant increase of glucose and glucagon levels. These effects were completely abolished by pretreatment with an oxytocin antagonist. In conclusion, oxytocin seems to influence pancreatic hormone secretion by two different mechanisms. Elevated circulating levels of oxytocin-e.g. as seen in response to suckling in lactating rats-are accompanied by a rise of glucagon and glucose levels which is blocked by the oxytocin antagonist. In contrast, nanogram amounts of oxytocin administered ICV cause a rise of insulin levels. Since this effect was blocked by atropine, it is likely to involve activation of vagal cholinergic neurons, innervating pancreatic beta-cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Gemfibrozil treatment of combined hyperlipoproteinemia. No improvement of fibrinolysis despite marked reduction of plasma triglyceride levels.

Hypertriglyceridemia is linked to impaired fibrinolytic function, and lipid-lowering treatment with fibric acid derivatives could hypothetically improve fibrinolysis in this condition. We therefore conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of gemfibrozil treatment on fibrinolytic function in 21 men with combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Measurements were performed at rest and during mental stress and after venous occlusion. The patients had clearly disturbed fibrinolytic function, with elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity at rest ( approximately 25 U/mL; reference, <15 U/mL). Gemfibrozil reduced plasma total and VLDL cholesterol as well as all triglyceride fractions, whereas HDL cholesterol increased (P <.001 for all). Total triglyceride levels were reduced by 57 +/- 4% (from 5.3 to 2.1 mmol/L). Fasting serum insulin levels were not altered by gemfibrozil treatment. Plasma levels of PAI-1 activity and tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) activity or antigen were unaffected by gemfibrozil treatment both at rest and during the provocations. The levels of D-dimer, plasmin/antiplasmin complex, and fibrinogen were also uninfluenced by gemfibrozil treatment. Mental stress elevated plasma TPA (P=.0036) and lowered PAI-1 (P=.0012) activity during placebo but not gemfibrozil treatment (P=.28 and P=.17, respectively), but treatment effects did not differ by ANOVA on delta values (ie, stress minus rest). Venous occlusion reduced PAI-1 activity, whereas TPA and plasmin/antiplasmin complex increased during both treatments. Thus, gemfibrozil treatment did not improve fibrinolysis or lower fibrinogen levels in men with combined hyperlipoproteinemia despite marked reduction of plasma triglyceride levels. It seems unlikely that improved fibrinolysis explains the primary preventive effect of gemfibrozil.

Adult↗