The costs of smoking in Wisconsin: a silent epidemic.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
M E Moss
Publications and source records attributed to M E Moss.
Chronic disease mortality and risk factors in Wisconsin, 1986.
"Of the ten leading causes of death in the United States, at least seven could be substantially reduced if persons at risk improved just five habits: diet, smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol abuse, and the use of antihypertensive medication."
Chronic Disease↗
Binding of crocetin to plasma albumin.
The binding of the carotenoid crocetin to human and bovine plasma albumin was studied using absorption and fluorescence techniques. Shifts in the absorption spectrum of crocetin, quenching of the albumin fluorescence, and competitive binding studies all provided information about the binding of crocetin to albumin. These studies suggest that crocetin binds to plasma albumin by occupying the free fatty acid binding sites. The binding constants for the first two binding sites are in the 10(5)-10(7) M-1 range and are an order of magnitude less than the values reported for other conjugated polyene fatty acids. The importance of this strong plasma albumin binding to the pharmacology of crocetin is discussed.
Animals↗
Delayed visual locus approach of destriate tree shrews (Tupaia glis).
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Animals↗
Association of dental caries and blood lead levels.
CONTEXT: Experiments show that dental caries rates are higher among lead-exposed animals, but this association has not been established in humans. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between blood lead levels and dental caries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994 that included a dental examination and venipuncture blood lead assay. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24901 persons aged 2 years and older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which assessed the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For children aged 2 to 11 years, the sum of decayed and filled deciduous or primary surfaces; for persons aged 6 years and older, the sum of decayed and filled permanent surfaces; for those 12 years and older, the sum of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces. RESULTS: The log of blood lead level was significantly associated with the number of affected surfaces for both deciduous and permanent teeth in all age groups, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, diet, and dental care. Among children aged 5 to 17 years, a 0.24-micromol/L (5-microg/dL) change in blood lead level was associated with an elevated risk of dental caries (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.5). Differences in blood lead level explained some of the differences in caries prevalence in different income levels and regions of the United States. We estimated the population attributable risk of lead exposure to be 13.5% and 9.6% of dental caries occurring in 5- to 17-year-olds exposed to the high and moderate levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental lead exposure is associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in the US population. Findings may help explain the distribution of caries by income and region of the United States.
Adolescent↗
Osteosarcoma, seasonality, and environmental factors in Wisconsin, 1979-1989.
Proxy exposure measures and readily available data from the Wisconsin Cancer Reporting System were used to contrast 167 osteosarcoma cases with 989 frequency-matched cancer referents reported during 1979-1989. Differences in potential exposure to water-borne radiation and fluoridated drinking water, population size for the listed place of residence, and seasonality were assessed. An association was found between osteosarcoma and residence in a population of less than 9,000 (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.4). In addition, an association between month of birth (May through July versus other months of birth) and osteosarcoma among individuals who were less than 25 y of age (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.4). Overall, no association was found between potential exposure to fluoridated drinking water and osteosarcoma (odds ratio = 1.0, 95% confidence interval = 0.6-1.5). The association between osteosarcoma and water-borne radiation was weak and was not significant statistically (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval = 0.8-2.8).
Adolescent↗
Fluoride concentrations in enamel and dentin of primary teeth after pre- and postnatal fluoride exposure.
The aim of this study was to determine any existing difference in the amount of fluoride incorporated in the surface, body enamel and dentin of two groups of deciduous teeth, either exposed to pre- and postnatal fluoride supplements or to postnatal fluoride only. One hundred and eighty five subjects with intact deciduous incisors were selected from a randomized, double blind study of the caries preventive efficacy of prenatal fluoride (F) supplementation. Surface and body enamel samples were obtained by the acid etch biopsy technique. Dentin microsamples were obtained by drilling to a depth of 100 microm using the microdrill biopsy technique. It was concluded that fluoride exposure during the prenatal period offered no additional measurable fluoride uptake by dental tissues other than that attributable to postnatal fluoride alone.
Cariostatic Agents↗
About children's oral health needs.
Disparities in children's oral health are an important and solvable health problem in the United States today. Many parts of the dental and public health communities are actively engaged in efforts aimed at addressing these disparities. Much progress has been made in explicating the issues, developing the scientific and clinical knowledge base needed for primary prevention and treatment, and beginning the development of new training and community-based approaches. But much more is still needed, and there is a great deal that the pediatric community can do to help.
Child↗
Mutans streptococci prevalence in Puerto Rican babies with cariogenic feeding behaviors.
PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated that babies are at higher risk for mutans streptococci (ms) colonization if their mothers have dense salivary ms reservoirs relative to babies who have mothers with negligible salivary reservoirs. This communication provides data that identifies another potential risk factor (use of a nursing bottle at bedtime and/or naptime that contains a substrate other than water) for baby infection by ms. METHODS: The study population consisted of 60 babies (28 males/32 females; mean age 15 mos; age range 12-18 mos) who were all healthy, caries free, and slept with a nursing bottle that contained a substrate other than water (NB+). Pooled maxillary incisor plaque and saliva samples were obtained and immediately placed in Reduced Transparent Fluid (RTF); they were serially diluted and plated onto Mitis Salivarius Agar plus Bacitracin (MSB) and blood agar plates within 4 hours of collection; the plates were incubated in an anaerobic environment for 48 h at 37 C and then placed for 24 h under aerobiosis prior to examination; representative ms colonies were isolated and subjected to mannitol and sorbitol fermentation tests for taxonomic verification. Plates with colony counts between 20 and 300 were utilized to determine the % of ms in each sample. RESULTS: Fifty one of the 60(85%) babies harbored ms in at least 1 of the 2 samples. The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of subjects with detectable levels of ms was 73%-93%. Fisher's exact test showed that babies 16-18 mos age were more likely to have detectable levels of ms than babies 12-15 mos age (p = 0.01). Levels of ms in plaque and saliva were as follows: < 0.1% (plaque 27/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.77; saliva 28/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.76); 0.1%-1.0% (plaque 4/51, mean age 14 mos, sd 1.5; saliva 6/51, mean age 15 mos, sd 1.46); > 1.0% (plaque 14/51, mean age 16 mos, sd 2.1; saliva 11/51, mean age 16 mos, sd 1.91). The density of infection did not vary by age for plaque (P = 0.32) or saliva (P = 0.64). CONCLUSION: These findings support the concept that NB+ is a strong indicator for ms infection in Puerto Rican babies; that prevalence of infection increases with age; and that density of infection does not vary with age in this population.
Age Factors↗
Delayed tooth eruption: association with severity of HIV infection.
PURPOSE: HIV status is monitored by expression of clinical symptoms as well as CD4 lymphocyte counts. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between delayed dental eruption (DDE) and the progression of pediatric HIV infection to AIDS. METHODS: A population of 70 perinatally HIV-infected children, aged 5 months to 13 years at their time of entry into the study, received dental examinations. Regression analysis between dental age and chronological age was performed. Subject CDC classification, adjusted for age, was used to determine an association between eruptive delay and severity of disease progression. RESULTS: Data revealed no significant difference in timing of eruption based on severity of CD4 depletion alone (P = 0.09). However, clinical symptom status was strongly associated with DDE (P = 0.003). The relationship between symptoms and DDE persisted after controlling for CD4 depletion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that there is a correlation between the progression from HIV infection to Pediatric AIDS and DDE and that this delay is most closely linked to severity of symptoms and not CD4 depletion.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Clinical evaluation of new designs for intraoral fluoride-releasing systems.
PURPOSE: Intraoral fluoride-releasing (IFR) devices provide elevated levels of fluoride in the mouth for extended periods of time. However, retention and protection of the devices have posed major challenges for clinical applications. The objectives of this study were to develop new methods for retaining and protecting IFR devices in the mouth and to assess their effects on salivary fluoride levels and distribution in adolescents. METHODS: Four different IFR systems (combinations of an IFR device and its retainer) were evaluated in four groups of 10 adolescents each, 12-15 years of age, for a period of six months. Each child wore two IFR systems of a given type affixed to the buccal surface of each permanent maxillary first molar. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at each clinical examination and analyzed for fluoride. RESULTS: A significant increase in salivary fluoride concentration from a baseline mean of 0.07-0.69 microgram/mL was observed on day 14 postinsertion. IFR system retention was 85% after 6 months and, of the systems retained, 100% were functional. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that IFR devices can be successfully protected and retained in the mouth for prolonged periods of time.
Adolescent↗