Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M E Morris.
Children rinsed twice daily with one of two concentrations of calcium glycerophosphate or a placebo. Plaque was collected at two-week intervals for eight weeks, and Löe and Silness Indices determined. Results indicate a lower index rating and a higher phosphorus content for experimental groups than for the control at the four-week examination.
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In a double-blind, crossover study involving 40 post-cholecystectomy patients, the analgesic activity of a new oral nonnarcotic agent, floctafenine, was compared with that of oral meperidine and oral propoxyphene. A behavioral approach to the measurement of pain relief, i.e., the measurement of pain on movement or coughing, was used in addition to the accepted subjective method. Floctafenine 200 mg was found to have analgesic activity intermediate between that of meperidine 75 mg and propoxyphene 65 mg. Patients reported the fewest side effects after floctafenine. Initial pain level was found to affect the final pain score. Effects on pain relief due to age, sex, time of the day, and carryover effects were also examined and not found to be significant.
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1. The actions of five structurally different intravenous and inhalation anaesthetics (alphaxalone/alphadolone, halothane, ketamine, methohexitone, and pentobarbitone) have been studied on synaptic transmission through the cuneate nucleus of the dorsal column-lemniscal afferent pathway in the decerebrate cat. 2. Synaptic input and output were estimated from antidromic and orthodromic potentials, which were evoked by either afferent volleys from the periphery or micro-electrode excitation of the presynaptic fibre terminals in the cuneate and recorded at forelimb nerves and the medial lemniscus. 3. Each of the anaesthetic agents potentiated the efficiency of synaptic transmission, as shown by the elevation of input-output curves constructed from the integrals of the potentials evoked by varying intensities of either peripheral or cuneate stimulation. 4. The excitability of the afferent terminals, as measured at the peripheral nerves by the antidromic responses to micro-electrode stimulation, was depressed by the anaesthetics. Post-synaptic excitability, which was assessed from the direct lemniscal response to intra-nuclear stimulation, did not appear to change. 5. Hypotensive states (mean arterial levels less than 60 torr) produced depolarization of presynaptic terminals and depression of synaptic efficiency and transmission; these changes opposed the primary effects of the general anaesthetics. 6. It is concluded that anaesthetics do not depress activity at all synapses of the central nervous system. Their facilitatory action on cuneate transmission is attributed to an enhanced release of excitatory transmitter; the underlying mechanism may be hyperpolarization of the primary afferent terminals, secondary to an increase in K+ conductance.
General anaesthetic agents (halothane, trichlorethylene, methohexital, pentobarbital, and alphaxalone--alphadolone) depress the extracellular accumulations (deltaEk) and associated focal potentials (deltaV) which are evoked in the cuneate nucleus by tetanic stimulation of peripheral nerves. Depressions of deltaV are significantly greater than those of deltaEk; at the same time there is a dissociation of the relation between deltaV and deltaEk. There are no detectable changes in the resting levels of K+ or the small voltage shifts evoked by low-frequency intranuclear stimulation with a microlectrode. When anaesthesia produces severe hypotension, augmentations of [K+]0 occur which can be attributed to depression of electrogenic Na--K pumping. A possible explanation of the reduction in K+ release resulting from afferent fibre activity would be failure of conduction caused by membrane stabilization or hyperpolarization.
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Balanced and good nutrition is necessary for the growth, development, and maintenance of the dental and oral structures. Nutrition counseling is, therefore, of paramount importance. The physician who is aware of the factors that cause dental and oral disease will be in a position to intercept the progress of dental caries caused by an incorrect diet. This paper considers the significance of highly cariogenic foods, particularly sucrose, and the difficulties of removing it from the diet. A method of conducting a diet survey is presented. The importance of fluoridation is discussed, with elaboration of the advisable prescribing techniques for fluoride supplementation of the diet. Cooperation between physician and dentist is important in order to insure the prevention of dental disease.
The compatibility and stability of diazepam injection were studied following dilution to 10 different concentrations in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection and lactated Ringer's injection. Prepared solutions were examined for clarity and pH throughout a 24-hour period. Clear solutions were filtered and then assayed 24 hours after preparation using UV spectrophotometry. Solutions which formed visible precipitates before 24 hours or which did not demonstrate acceptable potency (greater than or equal to 90%) were assayed after shorter time periods. Dilutions lower than 1:20 (5 mg in 20 ml) resulted in immediate visible precipitates in all four diluents. The 1:20 dilution was compatible with all four diluents and maintained acceptable potency for four hours, whereas at 1:40 dilution (5 mg in 40 ml) diazepam was stable for at least 6-8 hours in the same diluents. At higher dilutions of 1:50, 1:75 and 1:100 (5 mg in 50, 75 and 100 ml, respectively) the injection was compatible with and stable in all four diluents for 24 hours. Further studies are required before the use of diazepam injection as an infusion can be recommended. However, if in some circumstances it is necessary to administer diazepam as an infusion, it is recommended that it be diluted in dextrose 5% in water, normal saline, Ringer's injection or lactated Ringer's injection to a dilution of at least 1:40 and used within 6 hours or to a dilution of 1:50 and used within 24 hours.
Patients with teeth showing all of the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of radicular dentine dysplasia (type I) have been found to have dense sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies of the wrists and hand bones. The association of these defects of teeth and bone was found to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait over four generations. Review of theliterature failed to disclose a previous description of this disorder.
The emergency treatment of dental trauma has traditionally been handled in the emergency rooms of medical centers, or in the dental office. With increasing emphasis on comprehensive medical care, and the tendency of more recent graduates to locate in rural areas, there is a growing trend for physicians to be involved in providing emergency care for traumatic injuries to the dental and oral tissues. The authors discuss the etiology of dental trauma and the highly psychologic impact of such injuries upon the patient and parents. Techniques for prevention and a comprehensive plan are outlined for systematic history taking and examination. A classification of eight levels of dental injuries (5), techniques for the emergency, and subsequent restorative care are given. Emphasis is placed upon immediate care which can, if necessary, be provided by the physician pending referral to a dentist.
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1. In decerebrate cats, micro-electrodes were inserted into the cuneate nucleus to stimulate afferent terminals with single shocks of varying intensities. Estimates of the input and output of the nucleus were obtained by integrating antidromic responses in forelimb cutaneous nerves and orthodromic responses in the medial lemniscus. 2. Input-output curves were normally very non-linear, reflecting the high synaptic potency of small inputs. They were fitted readily by power functions, with exponents averaging 0-50. 3. The normal input-output relation rapidly disappeared after interruption of the blood supply. A loss of synaptic efficiency of small inputs was indicated by curves with exponents of greater than or equal to 1; this was associated with a sharp increase in terminal excitability. 4. Within the range of surface temperature 30-40 degrees C, warming made the input-output curves steeper but reduced terminal excitability, whereas cooling had the opposite effect. The efficiency of transmission was thus inversely correlated with terminal excitability. 5. The non-linear shape of cuneate input-output curves is probably not determined by inhibitory control, since picrotoxin depressed rather than enhanced outputs. 6. On the other hand, pentobarbitone made the input-output curves markedly steeper and tended to lower terminal excitability.