Bladder augmentation in children: where have we been and where are we going?
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Child↗
Biomedical subjects
M E Mitchell
Publications and source records attributed to M E Mitchell.
Endovascular AAA repair in patients with renal insufficiency: strategies for reducing adverse renal events.
Vascular imaging, usually employing nephrotoxic contrast agents is relied upon for all aspects of endovascular AAA repair causing some to consider renal insufficiency a relative contraindication. We sought to determine if endovascular AAA evaluation and repair could be successfully accomplished by minimally or non-nephrotoxic modalities. Records and results for 98 consecutive patients undergoing endovascular AAA repair were reviewed. Patients requiring dialysis preoperatively were excluded (N=3). The average volume of iodinated contrast agent employed for intraoperative imaging was 152 cc (35-420 cc). Twenty patients (20%) had baseline renal insufficiency (serum creatinine > or =1.3 mg/dl). A rise in serum creatinine above baseline was observed in 23 (24%) patients following repair; for 15 (16%) this was permanent. Creatinine rise occurred in patients with both normal (15) and abnormal (8) baseline values (P=0.09). Rise in creatinine was independent of contrast volume employed and of the use of infrarenal vs suprarenal device fixation (P>0.05). Two (2%) patients required permanent dialysis, one of which had a normal baseline creatinine and unclear etiology for renal failure, the other had a baseline creatinine of 2 and required device placement over an accessory renal artery. Strategies to minimize the use of nephrotoxic contrast for patients with renal insufficiency included the use of MRA, rather than contrast-CT for pre and postoperative imaging (7, 35%) and use of Gadolinium rather than iodinated contrast for performance of intraoperative arteriography (5, 25%). Endovascular grafts were successfully designed and implanted based upon MRA as the sole preoperative imaging modality in every case in which it was attempted (7). Mortality was not significantly different between those with and without abnormal baseline renal function (P>0.05). Adverse events (access failures, arterial injuries, blood loss, endoleaks) were not significantly correlated with baseline renal insufficiency, rise in creatinine from baseline, use of MRA or intraoperative Gadolinium angiography (P>0.05).Pre- and postoperative evaluation and performance of endovascular AAA repair can be accomplished in patients with renal insufficiency without increasing the rate of mortality or adverse events employing a strategy which minimizes the use of nephrotoxic contrast agents, relying upon Gadolinium arteriography and MRA. Endovascular grafts can be successfully planned and followed employing MRA as the sole imaging modality.
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal↗
Autoaugmentation peritoneocystoplasty in a sheep model.
OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with autoaugmentation peritoneocystoplasty (AAPC) in a sheep model, and to compare the results with autoaugmentation gastrocystoplasty (AAGC) in a sheep model and in paediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten 6-month-old male lambs underwent bladder augmentation by detrusorotomy. A flap of parietal peritoneum, dissected from the anterior abdominal wall, was used to cover the bladder mucosa. The sheep were evaluated by urodynamics 6 months after surgery. Bladder compliance (bladder volume/intravesical pressure) was calculated for the bladder capacity at leakage. The urodynamic results were compared with age-matched control sheep and with 12 sheep that had undergone AAGC; the results were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: In two of the 10 sheep, bladder volumes after AAPC increased by > 100%, although for the group, the mean (range) bladder volume after augmentation, at 159 (42-261) mL, was not significantly different from that before surgery (mean 143 mL). Bladder volumes after AAPC were not significantly different from those in the control sheep (mean 205 mL) but were significantly less than in the AAGC group (mean 317 mL; P < 0.05). Bladder compliance at leak capacity in the AAPC group (mean 5.4 mL/cmH2O) was also not significantly different from the controls (mean 9.1 mL/cmH2O), but was lower than the in the AAGC animals (median 14.6 mL/cmH2O; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AAPC in a sheep model does not result in a reliable increase in bladder volume or compliance. The volume and compliance are inferior to those found in bladders augmented by AAGC.
Animals↗
Aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
OBJECTIVES: The goal of endovascular grafting of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is to exclude the aneurysm sac from systemic pressure and thereby decrease the risk of rupture. Unlike conventional open surgery, branch vessels in the sac (eg, lumbar artery and inferior mesenteric artery [IMA]) are not ligated and can potentially transmit pressure. The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of various interventional techniques for measuring pressure within the aneurysm sac in patients who had undergone endovascular repair of AAAs. METHODS: Sac pressure measurements were performed in 21 patients who had undergone stent graft repair of AAAs. Seventeen of 21 patients had endoleaks demonstrated on 30-day computed tomographic (CT) scans. Access to the aneurysm sac in these patients was through direct translumbar sac puncture (5 patients), through a patent IMA accessed via the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (9 patients), or by direct cannulation around attachment sites (3 patients). Four patients had perioperative pressure measurements obtained through catheters positioned along side of the endovascular graft at the time of its deployment. Two of these catheters were left in position for 30 hours during which time CT and conventional angiography were performed. Pressures were determined with standard arterial-line pressure transduction techniques and compared with systemic pressure in each patient. RESULTS: Elevated sac pressure was found in all patients. The sac pressure in patients with endoleaks was found to be systemic (15 patients) or near systemic (2 patients) and all had pulsatile waveforms. Elevated sac pressures were also found in patients without CT or angiographic evidence of endoleak (2 patients). Injection of the sacs in two of these patients revealed a patent lumbar artery and an IMA. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to measure pressures from within the aneurysm sac in patients with stent grafts with a variety of techniques. Patients may continue to have pressurized AAA sacs despite endovascular AAA repair. Endoleaks transmit pulsatile pressure into the aneurysm sac regardless of the type. It is possible to have systemic sac pressures without evidence of endoleaks on CT or angiography.
Angioplasty, Balloon↗
Gender-related differences in infrarenal aortic aneurysm morphologic features: issues relevant to Ancure and Talent endografts.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender-related anatomic variables may reduce applicability of aortic endografting in women. METHODS: Data on all patients evaluated at our institution for endovascular repair of their abdominal aortic aneurysm were collected prospectively. Ancure (Endovascular Technologies (EVT)/Guidant Corporation, Menlo Park, Calif) and Talent (World Medical/Medtronic Corporation, Sunrise, Fla) endografts were used. Preoperative imaging included contrast-enhanced computed tomography and arteriography or magnetic resonance angiography. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients were evaluated (April 1998-December 1999), 19 women (13.5%) and 122 men (86.5%). Unsuitable anatomy resulted in rejection of 63.2% of the women versus only 33.6% of the men (P = .026). Maximum aneurysm diameter in women and men were similar (women, 56.94 +/- 8.23 mm; men, 59.29 +/- 13.22 mm; P = .5). The incidence of iliac artery tortuosity was similar across gender (women, 36.8%; men, 54.9%; P = .2). The narrowest diameter of the larger external iliac artery in women was significantly smaller (7.29 +/- 2.37 mm) than in men (8.62 +/- 2.07 mm; P = .02). The proximal neck length was significantly shorter in women (10.79 +/- 12.5 mm) than in men (20.47 +/- 19.5 mm; P = .02). The proximal neck width was significantly wider in women (30.5 +/- 2.4 mm) than in men (27.5 +/- 2.5 mm; P = .013). Proximal neck angulation (>60 degrees) was seen in a significantly higher proportion of women (21%) than men (3.3%; P = .012). Of the patients accepted for endografting, a significantly higher proportion of women required an iliofemoral conduit for access (women, 28.6%; men, 1.2%; P = .016). CONCLUSION: Gender-related differences in infrarenal aortic aneurysm morphologic features may preclude widespread applicability of aortic endografting in women, as seen by our experience with the Ancure and Talent devices. In addition to a significantly reduced iliac artery size, women are more likely to have a shorter, more dilated, more angulated proximal aortic neck.
Aged↗
The role of magnetic resonance angiography for endoprosthetic design.
OBJECTIVES: Many patients with aortic aneurysms have renal insufficiency and may be at increased risk when conventional imaging modalities (contrast-enhanced computed tomography and arteriography) are used for aortic endograft design. Our objective was to determine if magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) could be used as the sole imaging modality for endoprosthetic design. METHODS: A total of 96 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular repair of thoracic (5) and abdominal (91) aortic aneurysms (April 1998-December 1999) were included in this study. Data were collected prospectively. Gadolinium-enhanced MRA was used preoperatively in place of conventional imaging if renal insufficiency or a history of severe contrast reaction was present. The control group underwent conventional imaging. Endografts used included Ancure, AneuRx, and Talent. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (14.6%) had their endografts designed solely with MRA. Intraoperative access failure; proximal and distal extensions (unplanned); conversion to open, aborted procedures; and endoleaks occurred with equal frequency in both the MRA-designed and control groups (16.7% vs 18.3%, respectively; P =.33). Despite baseline renal insufficiency, there was no significant rise in the creatinine level after endograft implantation in patients with an MRA design (preoperative level, 1.8; postoperative level, 1.9; P =.5). CONCLUSION: MRA may be successfully used as the sole modality for aortic endograft design. The use of MRA for this purpose is noninvasive and minimizes nephrotoxic risk.
Aortic Dissection↗
Failure of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm graft limbs.
OBJECTIVE: Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) grafts are subject to subsequent failure of endograft limbs. We sought to determine what device-related factors could be identified that might contribute to limb failure. METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients who had undergone endovascular AAA repair and femorofemoral bypass grafting at a single institution. RESULTS: Endovascular AAA repair was performed in 173 patients. There were 137 bifurcated endografts and 36 aortomonoiliac grafts combined with femorofemoral bypass grafts, yielding a total population of 310 aortic graft limbs and 36 femorofemoral grafts. Thirty-nine additional patients underwent femorofemoral bypass grafting for occlusive disease. The cumulative primary patency of all endografts performed for AAA was 92% at 21 months. Secondary patency was achieved for all failed endograft limbs. There were 24 aortic graft limb "failures" that required intervention: seven limbs underwent thrombosis requiring revision; kinked limbs requiring stenting either at the time of graft placement (17) or subsequently (7) were identified. Fully supported endograft limbs had better primary patency (97% at 18 months) than unsupported limbs (69% at 18 months, P <.001). The aortomonoiliac grafts with femorofemoral bypass grafts tended to have better patency (97% at 18 months) than bifurcated endografts (90% at 18 months), but this did not reach statistical significance (P =.28, not significant). Femorofemoral grafts performed for occlusive disease were found to have somewhat lower patency than those performed for AAA (83% vs 92% at 18 months of follow-up, P =.37, not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Fully supported AAA endografts provide superior endograft limb patency compared with unsupported designs. Consideration should be given to routine stenting of all unsupported endograft limbs. Aortomonoiliac grafts and bifurcated grafts provide similar results for endograft limb patency. Femorofemoral bypass grafts performed in conjunction with aortomonoiliac grafts for AAA disease provide excellent short-term patency.
Adult↗
Impact of exclusion criteria on patient selection for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
PURPOSE: Wide-ranging predictions have been made about the usefulness of endovascular repair for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The availability of US Food and Drug Administration-approved devices has removed the restrictions on patient selection, which had been controlled by device trials. This study examined the applicability of endovascular AAA repair and identified the anatomic barriers to successful endovascular AAA repair that should guide future device development. METHODS: All patients who came to our institution for infrarenal AAA repair between April 1998 and June 2000 were offered evaluation for endovascular repair. Thin-cut spiral computed tomography scans and arteriograms were obtained on all patients, and their anatomic characteristics were prospectively entered into a database. A wide selection of available devices allowed the treatment of diverse AAA anatomic features. RESULTS: A total of 307 patients were examined (264 men, 43 women). Of these, 204 patients (66%; 185 men, 19 women) underwent endovascular repair, and 103 patients (34%, 79 men, 24 women) were rejected. Reasons for exclusion included short aneurysm neck (56, 54%), inadequate access because of small iliac arteries (48, 47%), wide aneurysm neck (41, 40%), presence of bilateral common iliac aneurysms extending to the hypogastric artery (22, 21%), excessive neck angulation (14, 14%), extensive mural thrombus in the aneurysm neck (10, 10%), extreme tortuosity of the iliac arteries (10, 10%), accessory renal arteries originating from the AAA (6, 6%), malignancy discovered during the examination (5, 5%), and death during the examination interval (2, 2%). Rejected patients had an average of 1.9 exclusion criteria (range, 1 to 4). A disproportionate number of women were excluded because of anatomic findings (P = .0009). Although 80% of patients who were at low risk for surgery qualified for endovascular repair, only 49% of our patients who were at high risk for surgery were acceptable candidates (P < .001). Of the 103 patients who were excluded, 34 (33%) underwent open surgical repair, and the remaining 69 (67%) were deemed to be unfit for open surgery. Three patients (1.4%) failed endograft placement because of inadequate vascular access. CONCLUSION: Most infrarenal AAAs (66%) can be treated with endovascular devices currently available commercially or through US Food and Drug Administration-approved clinical trials. However, patients who are at high risk for surgery and might benefit most from endovascular repair are less likely to qualify for the procedure (49%). Men (70%) are more likely than women (40%) to meet the anatomic criteria for endografting. Difficulties with vascular access and attachment site geometry predominate as reasons for exclusion. Our findings suggest that smaller profile devices, which can negotiate small and tortuous iliac arteries, are needed. Proximal and distal attachment site problems require devices that can accommodate wide and angulated attachment necks and achieve short seal zones.
Aged↗
Therapeutic thrombin injection of pseudoaneurysms: a multicenter experience.
The standard non-invasive treatment of pseudoaneurysms has been ultrasound-guided compression (UGC). Problems with UGC include pain at the site of compression, long compression times and incomplete closure. Each of these difficulties is exacerbated with large pseudoaneurysms. Recently, ultrasound-guided injection of pseudoaneurysms with thrombin has gained popularity. The goal of this study was to report a multicenter registry using this technique and in so doing detail the clinical utility and safety of this emerging procedure. The medical records of all patients diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm in the vascular laboratory who underwent thrombin injection over the past year were reviewed for patient characteristics and clinical outcome. There were 91 patients (55 male) with a mean age of 69 years. Three patients also had an arteriovenous fistula. The majority of patients were receiving one or more antiplatelet agents and/or anticoagulants. All patients underwent pseudoaneurysm injection with bovine thrombin. The mean aneurysm diameter was 3.3 cm, with a range of 1.5-6.3 cm. Successful thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm was achieved in 89/91 (98%) of cases. Anticoagulation with heparin was used in one of the unsuccessful cases. In two cases, UGC was used to close a small active region that did not completely thrombose after thrombin injection. There were two patients who had recurrence of pseudoaneurysm the day after successful injection and thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm. There were no local complications after injection; however, one patient suffered a pulmonary embolus that was thought to be unrelated to the procedure. In conclusion, thrombin injection for the treatment of pseudoaneurysms is safe and effective, even in patients receiving anticoagulation. This procedure should be considered as the initial therapeutic approach for peripheral pseudoaneurysms.
Adult↗
Effect of flurbiprofen on hind-limb suspension-induced bone loss.
BACKGROUND: Prostaglandins, specifically prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), may be involved in the bone loss that occurs in microgravity. Flurbiprofen (FBP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been shown to increase periosteal apposition rate in rats, and may inhibit bone loss by decreasing PGE2 concentrations. METHODS: A hind-limb suspension (HLS) technique was used to determine if FBP could attenuate the bone demineralization that occurs with decreased load-bearing activity. Rats were assigned to either the HLS group or the ground-based (control) group. Both of these groups were then divided into drug-treated and control subgroups (n = 10). Rats in the drug group received FBP 2 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) subcutaneously. Study data were collected at 2 and 4 wk. The left femur of each animal was used for densitometry, and the right tibia was processed for histomorphometry. Mechanical properties of the left femur were assessed by three-point bending. RESULTS: After 2 wk, the FBP-treated rats in both the HLS and ground-based groups had 6% less bone mineral density (BMD) than did controls (p < 0.05). FBP was not effective in protecting bone from the early stages of disuse osteopenia. At 4 wk, BMD in the ground-based group was not significantly different between control and drug animals. However, in the HLS group, BMD was 11% greater in the FBP-treated group than in the control group (p < 0.05). FBP did not significantly affect the mechanical properties of bone at either 2 or 4 wk. CONCLUSION: FBP may not only affect bone demineralization by interacting with existing osteoclasts, but may also interfere with the signaling, activation, and recruitment of osteoclasts that occur after skeletal unloading.
Animals↗
Complete primary repair of exstrophy. Surgical technique.
The single-stage reconstructive approach to exstrophy evolved out of changes in the management of exstrophy. The success of Jeffs and others that functionally reconstructed the bladder of patients with exstrophy demonstrated that the approach was feasible and acceptable. Increased understanding of the anatomic pathology associated with exstrophy and epispadias resulted in the development of complete penile disassembly for epispadias and the extension of this technique to exstrophy as the complete primary repair technique described herein. The results using this technique are encouraging, leading to the recommendation for the procedure by other surgeons committed to the care of patients with exstrophy.
Bladder Exstrophy↗
Histology of the urethral plate: implications for hypospadias repair.
PURPOSE: We define the histology of the urethral plate in boys with hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subepithelial biopsies of the urethral plate were obtained in 17 boys, including 13 with distal and 4 with penoscrotal hypospadias. Ventral penile curvature was noted in 5 cases. Specimens were evaluated by 7 light microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: All biopsies demonstrated well vascularized connective tissue comprised of smooth muscle and collagen. There was no evidence of fibrous bands or dysplastic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The urethral plate consists of epithelium overlying connective tissue. We found no histological evidence of fibrous cords historically considered responsible for chordee.
Child↗
Vaginal calculi secondary to partial vaginal outlet obstruction in pediatric patients.
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Adolescent↗
Urodynamic evaluation and long-term results of the orthotopic gastric neobladder in men.
PURPOSE: Orthotopic neobladders are most commonly formed from colon and/or small bowel segments. However, after excellent results were reported in children, we constructed gastric neobladders in select men who had undergone cystectomy. Although gastric neobladders in adults have been reported to have decreased capacity, to our knowledge neither long-term followup nor urodynamic parameters have been reported in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gastric neobladder was performed in 8 patients following cystectomy for malignancy in 7 and undiversion in 1. Average followup was 43 months and all patients underwent urodynamic evaluations an average of 9.1 months after surgery. Patients also completed an incontinence questionnaire. The gastric neobladder group was compared to a similar group of patients who underwent neobladder construction from either small bowel (Kock/Hautmann/Studer) or ileocecal segments (Mainz). RESULTS: The gastric neobladder group had significantly reduced mean bladder capacity compared to the ileal or ileocecal neobladder group (309 versus 551 cc, respectively, t = 0.001), while compliance was similarly decreased (27 versus 59 cc/cm. H2O, respectively, t = 0.04). Incontinence rates were greater in the gastric neobladder group (63%) compared to the ileal or ileocecal neobladder group (8% to 23%, t = 0.02). Complication rates were comparable. Revision or removal was required in 3 (38%) patients for severe incontinence, intractable dysuria and ureterogastric anastomotic stricture, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adult gastric neobladders as currently constructed are associated with poor urodynamic parameters and high incontinence rates. Routine use of gastric neobladders in adults is not recommended. They may be appropriate, especially as composites, in select cases such as renal failure or inadequate bowel length. The reasons for success in some patients and not in others are unknown.
Adult↗
Long-term followup of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome.
PURPOSE: The hematuria-dysuria syndrome is the most common reported complication of gastrocystoplasty. We reviewed our cases of gastrocystoplasty to determine the long-term incidence and significance of the syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 78 patients who underwent gastrocystoplasty at our institution between July 1989 and October 1994. A total of 72 of the 78 cases were evaluated within the last year to elicit symptoms of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome. RESULTS: Spina bifida and bladder exstrophy were the most common diagnoses of patients undergoing gastrocystoplasty. There were 3 (4%) patients who required medications on a continuous basis to control symptoms of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome. However, using broad criteria 17 (24%) patients would be categorized as having the syndrome. Of these patients 9 did not require any medications and 4 occasionally took medications to control symptoms. A significant increase in the incidence of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome was detected in those cases with a sensate compared to those with an insensate urethra. CONCLUSIONS: The hematuria-dysuria syndrome is a clinically significant problem at long-term followup in a small percentage of patients treated with gastrocystoplasty. The lowest incidence is in those children with an insensate urethra who are continent. When symptoms occur they are easily treated in the majority of cases. We believe that gastrocystoplasty remains a viable option in the armamentarium of bladder augmentation.
Bladder Exstrophy↗
Minimally invasive direct access for repair of atrial septal defect in adults.
This report documents our early experience with minimally invasive direct-access surgical repair of atrial septal defect (ASD) in adults. We have developed minimally invasive techniques for direct-access ASD repair in adults while maintaining the efficacy of the open operative procedure. Between June 1996 and September 1998, 59 consecutive patients underwent repair of ASD, 34 (58%) of whom underwent minimally invasive direct-access surgical closure of ASD through a right parasternal, submammary, or upper hemisternotomy incision. Twenty-three (68%) were secundum type ASD, 5 (15%) were sinus venosus types, 2 (6%) were primum types, and 4 (122%) were patent foramen ovales. Twenty-six (77%) were women (mean age 39 +/- 15 years, range 18 to 79). The mean pulmonary-to-systemic shunt ratio (Qp/Qs) was 2.3 +/- 0.6 (n = 15). There were no operative or late deaths. Follow-up was 100% complete. Four patients (12%) developed major complications. All were alive and well at the time of follow-up and there was 1 late arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation). In all but 1 patient, New York Heart Association functional class was improved or unchanged (1.47 +/- 0.51 vs 1.06 +/- 0.25, p = 0.0001). These results indicate that minimally invasive direct-access repair of ASD in adults is safe and effective, and is broadly applicable to the entire spectrum of defects.
Adult↗
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors mediate infragenicular vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to glucose and insulin not by insulin receptors.
PURPOSE: Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Insulin and glucose are known to stimulate the growth of VSMC. Cell membrane receptors play an important role in the proliferation of VSMC in response to growth factors. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have demonstrated a cross reactivity for receptor binding and function. By using monoclonal antibodies directed against insulin (IRA) and IGF-1 (IGF-1RA) receptors, we attempt to further delineate the mechanism for the proliferation of VSMC in response to insulin and glucose. METHODS: Human infragenicular VSMC isolated from diabetic patients undergoing below-knee amputations were used. Cells from passages 3 to 6 were grown in serum-free media with a glucose concentrations of 0.1% or 0.2%, both with and without insulin (100 ng/mL). The baseline cell density was 4,635 +/- 329 cells/mL. IRA or IGF-1RA was added to the media, with the control group receiving neither antibody. Cells were grown in 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C for 6 days. Analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis, with P <0.05 considered significant. In addition, DNA synthesis was measured using thymidine incorporation assays in the same groups of cells receiving IRA, IGF-1RA, and no antibody. RESULTS: IGF-1RA prevented the proliferation of VSMC in response to insulin and glucose, while IRA had no effect on cell growth. There was no significant growth when IGF-1RA was added to the media, while the control group and the group receiving IRA demonstrated significant growth compared with the baseline concentration of 4,635 +/- 329 cells/mL at all concentrations of insulin and glucose. [3H]thymidine incorporation assays confirmed the cell count results. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the mitogenic effects of insulin and glucose on infragenicular VSMC are due to stimulation of the IGF-1 receptor. VSMC antiproliferative strategies employing receptor blockade should be directed against the IGF-1 receptor, not the insulin receptor.
Analysis of Variance↗
Bladder augmentation with urothelial preservation.
PURPOSE: Bladder reconstruction is performed because the characteristic properties of a healthy bladder are no longer present. The bladder manifests poor capacity, poor compliance and potential or actual changes in the upper tracts that may lead to damage. Augmentation procedures provide a means to improve capacity and compliance, and they may be performed with catheterizable channels to facilitate bladder emptying. Natural tissues or synthetic materials may be used but urothelial preservation is desirable. Demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap and auto-augmentation with peritoneum are techniques that have been used in the last 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 13 patients who underwent demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap and 8 who underwent augmentation with peritoneum from 1992 to 1995. Average age of the 11 girls and 10 boys was 8 years (range 6 to 12). The diagnosis was myelomeningocele in 15 patients, exstrophy in 2, and the VATER association, posterior urethral valves, spinal cord injury and nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder in 1 each. Concurrent procedures included appendicovesicostomy creation, a fascial sling or wrap and ureteroneocystostomy. RESULTS: Mean followup is 50 months for patients who underwent demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap and 47 for those who underwent augmentation with peritoneum. Outcome was defined as good-dry for 4 hours, catheterization without difficulty and a stable upper tract; poor-a secondary procedure (augmentation) required because the initial procedure did not improve bladder capacity, compliance, continence or the degree ofhydronephrosis, and fair-dry for less than 4 hours, some problems with incontinence, or compliance 10 ml/cm water or less. Of the patients who underwent demucosalized augmentation with a gastric flap the outcome was good in 5, fair in 4 and poor in 4 who required repeat augmentation. Of the 8 patients who underwent auto-augmentation with peritoneum the outcome was good in 5 and poor in 2, and 1 was lost to followup. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation with urothelial preservation may result in a good capacity, compliant bladder in certain patients but a poorly compliant, small capacity bladder in others. Our overall results underscore the lack of understanding of the properties and characteristics of these bladders and of stromal-epithelial interaction that occurs after augmentation. Such an understanding is critical before this procedure can be recommended routinely.
Child↗