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Biomedical subjects

M Dahl

Publications and source records attributed to M Dahl.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Selection and destruction--treatment of "unworthy-to-live" children in the Third Reich and the role of child and adolescent psychiatry].

During the period of National Socialism in Germany, many "asocial", mentally retarded or disabled minors were persecuted. Several measures had been discussed theoretically before, but the National Socialists put the theoretical proposals into practice. As a result children and adolescents were separated, sterilized or killed. In concentration camps so-called "depraved" minors were selected to get special education. The object of this effort was to adapt minors to the ideology of national socialism. After passing the law to sterilize patients with "hereditary diseases" in 1933 about 375.000 people were sterilized unvoluntarily. In 1939 sterilizations came to an end except for adolescents at "high risk of reproduction". During the second world war more than 160.000 adult psychiatric patients were murdered. In addition to that, also a large number of disabled and mentally retarded minors were killed. This campaign was called child "euthanasia". Physicians tried to determine children's "value of life" by economic criteria. Children with negative ratings (i.e. inability to work or insufficient mental maturing) were killed by fasting "cures" or by barbiturates. Beyond that children were also used as research subjects. Their death was an accepted consequence. Physicians were also very interested in brain research. Finally, the relation to German child and adolescent psychiatry will be analysed. In the special political and social context of the Third Reich the German child and adolescent psychiatry became more significant. As a result of this the German association of child and adolescent psychiatry and allied professions was founded 1940 in Vienna. On this conference, some speakers suggested to persecute "asocial" minors. This suggestion was realized consequently. Up to now, the role of the German child and adolescent psychiatry has not been thoroughly discussed.

Adolescent Psychiatry↗
PubMed2001

Disaster planning.

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Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2001

[The Borstal of Göttingen and sterilization of adolescents in Nazi Germany].

The Nazi regime established a law in 1933 that led to approximately 360,000 involuntary sterilizations. This paper explores the application of this law in the Borstal of Göttingen, an institute for "corrective training" of male adolescents. Between the years 1934 and 1941, about 60 adolescents were legally sterilized at this institution - in most cases upon the recommendation of Walter Gerson, a psychiatrist and the institute's Director. The diagnosis was generally "congenital idiocy," a term used to classify boys who were considered to suffer from "psychopathology", antisocial behaviour or "hereditary burdens." In about a third of the cases, the adolescent or his parents attempted to prevent the sterilization, but such attempts were unsuccessful. Even after the war, victims' attempts to become rehabilitated were thwarted - both by the reinstalled Gerson and the justice of Göttingen. It was only in recent years that the financial rehabilitation of the victims was put into practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Amplitude and frequency analysis of force plate data in sitting children with and without MMC.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if force plate measurements can be used to detect postural sway differences in sitting children with and without myelomeningocele (spina bifida).BACKGROUND. The postural sway has not been investigated in children with myelomeningocele previously. Since many of these children are not able to stand independently, force plate measurements during sitting could be one way to detect differences in their postural sway compared to normal children. However, there is very little published regarding assessment of seated postural sway.METHODS. Force plate measurements on 15 six years old children with myelomeningocele and 20 age-matched normal children were analysed. The standard deviation and the median frequency of the horizontal ground reaction force were used to characterise the body sway.RESULTS. The standard deviation of the force was larger only for some of the children with myelomeningocele as compared to the control group. The median frequency was significantly lower in the myelomeningocele group as compared to the control group. Visual input and seat base inclination did not influence the postural sway significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that frequency analysis can be used to detect fundamental differences in postural sway that can not be observed visually. RelevanceIn this paper a new method for analysis of seated postural sway is described. The lack of relatively high spectral frequencies for children with myelomeningocele shows that the output from the postural control system differs as compared to the control group.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2000

Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade in hypertensive women: benefits of candesartan cilexetil versus enalapril or hydrochlorothiazide.

The aim of this large, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in hypertensive women was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and effects on subjective symptoms and quality of life of the new angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker candesartan cilexetil, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, and the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Women, aged 40 to 69 years, with a seated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 to 115 mm Hg, were randomized to candesartan cilexetil, 8 to 16 mg (n = 140), enalapril, 10 to 20 mg (n = 146), or HCTZ, 12.5 to 25 mg (n = 143), for 12 weeks; the higher doses were used if DBP was greater than 90 mm Hg after 6 weeks. Candesartan cilexetil lowered seated blood pressure by 17/11 and 19/11 mm Hg after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. This reduction was greater (P < .01) than with enalapril (12/8 and 13/9 mm Hg) or HCTZ (12/7 and 13/8 mm Hg). The proportions of patients with controlled DBP (< 90 mm Hg) after 12 weeks of treatment with candesartan cilexetil, enalapril, or HCTZ were 60%, 51%, and 43%, respectively. Patients experienced less dry cough (P < 0.001) with candesartan cilexetil or HCTZ than with enalapril. No treatment differences were found in the incidence of dizziness and quality of life was well maintained in all groups. Compared with candesartan cilexetil and enalapril, HCTZ increased uric acid and decreased serum potassium (P < .001). In conclusion, candesartan cilexetil reduced blood pressure more effectively and was better tolerated than enalapril or HCTZ in women with mild to moderate hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of debrisoquine hydroxylation with quinidine in subjects with three or more functional CYP2D6 genes.

AIMS: To study whether the CYP2D6 capacity in ultrarapid metabolizers of debrisoquine due to duplication/multiduplication of a functional CYP2D6 gene, can be 'normalised' by low doses of the CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine and whether this is dose-dependent. METHODS: Five ultrarapid metabolizers of debrisoquine with 3, 4 or 13 functional CYP2D6 genes were given single oral doses of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg quinidine. Four hours after quinidine intake, 10 mg debrisoquine was given. Urine was collected for 6 h after debrisoquine administration. Debrisoquine and its 4-hydroxymetabolite were analysed by h.p.l.c. and the debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR) was calculated. RESULTS: Without quinidine the MR in the ultrarapid metabolizers ranged between 0.01 and 0.07. A dose-effect relationship could be established for quinidine with regard to the inhibitory effect on CYP2D6 activity. To reach an MR of 1-2, subjects with 3 or 4 functional genes required a quinidine dose of about 40 mg, while the sister and brother with 13 functional genes required about 80 mg quinidine. After 160 mg quinidine, the MRs, in the subjects with 3, 3, 4, 13 and 13 functional genes, were 12.6, 10.1, 9.2, 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A dose-effect relationship could be established for quinidine inhibition of CYP2D6 in ultrarapid metabolizers. The clinical use of low doses of quinidine as an inhibitor of CYP2D6 might be considered in ultrarapid metabolizers taking CYP2D6 metabolized drugs rather than giving increased doses of the drug. Normalizing the metabolic capacity of CYP2D6, by giving a low dose of quinidine, may solve the problem of 'treatment resistance' caused by ultrarapid metabolism.

Administration, Oral↗