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Biomedical subjects

M D Shepherd

Publications and source records attributed to M D Shepherd.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Use of a path model to analyze factors that influence hospital pharmacists' salaries.

The direct and indirect effects of eight factors on Texas hospital pharmacists' salaries are described. Data for a path analysis (a method of examining relationships among specific variables while controlling for the effects of other variables) were collected by mail survey during the fall of 1985 from randomly selected hospital pharmacists residing in Texas. A path model was constructed to examine the effects of the following variables on the annual salary earned by full-time pharmacists: position, gender, seniority, academic degree, age, number of hours worked per week, size of hospital, and location of hospital. The relationships among the variables were evaluated using linear regression analysis. Of 1500 questionnaires mailed, 502 usable responses from full-time pharmacists were received. Six factors--gender, position, seniority, size of hospital, academic degree, and number of hours worked per week--had significant direct impact on financial compensation. Pharmacists' position also had an indirect effect on salary through the number of hours worked per week, with managers working more hours than nonmanagers. Position was influenced by seniority, gender, size of hospital, and academic degree. Male pharmacists earned more than their female counterparts. Age and hospital location had no significant influence on annual salary, position, or the number of hours worked per week. Overall, path analysis showed only 11 of 21 relationships among the nine variables to be significant. Seniority, gender, size of hospital, academic degree, position, and number of hours worked per week all had a significant effect on salary.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1983

An examination of students' attitudes toward the elderly.

A study, employing Kogan's Old People Scale, was conducted to investigate undergraduate pharmacy students' attitudes toward the elderly. A total of 266 students from one school of pharmacy in their last three years of schooling comprised the sample. Demographic and experiential factors with the aged also were examined as to their relationship with the students' attitudes, but only one of these variables was found to be significant. Female students had a significantly more favorable attitude toward the aged than males. Overall the results showed that the students had a favorable attitude toward the elderly, which was consistent with other studies employing college students, but which was in contrast to other health professionals and medical and dentistry students. A discussion is made as to why this difference exists and the importance of future research in this area.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Effect of a call-in prescription refill system on workload in an outpatient pharmacy.

The effect of a computer-assisted call-in prescription refill system on the workload of an outpatient pharmacy was investigated. After installation of a telephone-answering device and a dedicated telephone line in the pharmacy, patients were able to call 24 hours a day and request a prescription refill. A computer system was used to screen the patient's record for drug interactions, print a new label, and update the patient's profile. Data were collected on the number of prescriptions processed per hour and per day before (period 1) and after (period 2) the system was implemented. The workload was assessed by the number of new prescriptions, refills, call-in refills, and total prescriptions processed. The mean number of prescriptions processed per hour ranged from approximately 10 to 178 during both periods. During period 2, the pharmacists processed a mean of 172 and 161 prescriptions per hour for the first and second hours of the day, respectively; for period 1, these means were 112 and 135 prescriptions, respectively. The numbers of refill prescriptions and total prescriptions dispensed during period 2 were significantly greater than those of period 1. Overall, there was a 16.9% increase in prescription volume. The computer-assisted call-in refill system had an effect on the workload and gave pharmacy management some control over the hourly work flow.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1982

Qualifications required in advertisements for hospital pharmacy management positions.

Advertisements for pharmacy management positions were analyzed to determine the extent to which advanced degrees or experience were required. Advertisements were collected from three professional journals for 1971-1981 for the following positions: director and assistant director of pharmacy services, director and assistant director of clinical services, director and assistant director of drug information, and clinical coordinator. The following information was obtained from each advertisement: position title, educational degree required or preferred, number of beds in institution, type of ownership of institution, residency required or preferred, and experience required or preferred. Of 224 advertisements analyzed, 124 were for directors of pharmacy, 59 for assistant directors of pharmacy, and 41 for clinical management positions. No degree was required or preferred in 85 of the advertisements. A degree qualification was specified for all the clinical management positions; 37 out of 41 required a Pharm.D. or advanced degree. Advertisements for directors and assistant directors requiring and advanced degree were evenly divided between Pharm.D. and M.S. degrees. Since 1979, the number of advertisements not specifying a degree appears to have decreased and the number specifying M.S. or Pharm.D. to have increased. Managerial experience was mentioned in 51 of 183 advertisements for directors and assistant directors. For clinical management positions, only 6 specified managerial experience and 22 required clinical experience. Many employers specified residencies as qualifications. Advanced degrees are increasingly in demand for management positions. Advancement opportunities in the future may not be as promising as in the past for pharmacists who hold only B.S. degrees.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1981

Men and women as pharmacy managers.

The managerial position held by men and women pharmacists in three primary practice settings were examined and compared. A nationwide survey, using a pretested 12-page questionnaire, was sent to 2100 pharmacists in hospitals, independently owned pharmacies, and chain-store pharmacies. The variables examined by discriminant analysis were sex, age, years with employer, the number of times a pharmacist left practice, and educational level. A total of 767 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis for a 39.6% response rate, and 57.6% of the sample was women. Women were found to be significantly under represented in managerial positions in all three practice settings; however, there were a greater percentage of women in managerial positions in hospital pharmacies than in independently owned or chain-store pharmacies (p less than or equal to 0.001). When age was controlled in the analysis, there were more women at the staff level than men in all the age categories above 25. The discriminant analysis showed that advanced education was a significant factor in a pharmacist's position in hospital pharmacies but not in community pharmacies. The sex of the pharmacist showed the highest discriminating power in classifying the position of community pharmacists. Women pharmacists were under represented in managerial positions in all three practice environments. However, hospital pharmacy had a greater percentage of women in managerial positions than community pharmacy.

Adult↗