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Biomedical subjects

M D Salman

Publications and source records attributed to M D Salman.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

The deaths of two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in August 1996 led the United States Department of Agriculture to require the testing and treatment of elephants for tuberculosis. From August 1996 to September 1999. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was confirmed by culture in 12 of 118 elephants in six herds. Eight diagnoses were made antemortem on the basis of isolation of M. tuberculosis by culture of trunk wash samples; the remainder (including the initial two) were diagnosed postmortem. We present the case histories, epidemiologic characteristics, diagnostic test results, and therapeutic plans from these six herds. The intradermal tuberculin test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology, the blood tuberculosis test, and nucleic acid amplification and culture are compared as methods to diagnose M. tuberculosis infection in elephants.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection.

OBJECTIVE: To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection. DESIGN: Serial case study. ANIMALS: 8 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens of active lesions. RESULTS: 2 horses with oral vesicular lesions on day 1 had antibodies (cELISA and CF) against VSV; however, results of CF were negative by day 19. Five of the 6 remaining horses were seronegative but developed oral lesions by day 23. Virus isolation was unsuccessful for all horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses were quarantined for 75 days in compliance with state and federal regulations. However, evidence suggests that oral lesions were apparently not associated with VSV infection. The occurrence in livestock of a vesicular disease that is not caused by VSV could confound efforts to improve control of VS in the United States and could impact foreign trade. Vesicular stomatitis is of substantial economic and regulatory concern.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella in 91 US dairy herds in 1996.

In 1996, data on management practices used on US dairy operations were collected and analyzed for association with fecal shedding of Salmonella by dairy cows. A total of 4299 fecal samples from 91 herds was cultured for Salmonella isolation. Herd-size (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 5.8, 95% CI 1.1, 31.3), region (OR = 5.7, CI 1.4, 23.5), use of flush water systems (OR = 3.5, CI 0.9, 14.7), and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows (OR = 3.4, CI 0.9, 12.9) were identified as the most important predictive risk factors. The population attributable risks (PARs) for herd-size, region, flush water system, and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows were 0.76, 0.46, 0.37, and 0.42, respectively. The estimated PAR for all four risk factors combined was 0.95. The effects of these factors need to be more-closely evaluated in more-controlled studies, in order to develop intervention programs that reduce Salmonella shedding.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in captive elephants.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become an important agent of disease in the captive elephant population of the United States, although current detection methods appear to be inadequate for effective disease management. This investigation sought to validate a multiple-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening of M. tuberculosis infection in captive elephants and to document the elephant's serologic response over time using a cross-sectional observational study design. Serum samples were collected from 51 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and 26 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) from 16 zoos and circuses throughout the United States. Infection status of each animal was determined by mycobacterial culture of trunk washes. Reactivity of each serum sample against six antigens was determined, and the linear combination of antigens that accurately predicted the infection status of the greatest number of animals was determined by discriminant analysis. The resulting classification functions were used to calculate the percentage of animals that were correctly classified (i.e., specificity and sensitivity). Of the 77 elephants sampled, 47 fit the criteria for inclusion in discriminant analysis. Of these, seven Asian elephants were considered infected; 25 Asian elephants and 15 African elephants were considered noninfected. The remaining elephants had been exposed to one or more infected animals. The specificity and sensitivity of the multiple-antigen ELISA were both 100% (91.9-100% and 54.4-100%, respectively) with 95% confidence intervals. Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate showed the highest individual antigen specificity (95%; 83.0-100%) and sensitivity (100%; 54.4-100%). Serum samples from 34 elephants were analyzed over time by the response to the culture filtrate antigen; four of these elephants were culture positive and had been used to calculate the discriminant function. Limitations such as sample size, compromised ability to ascertain each animal's true infection status, and absence of known-infected African elephants suggest that much additional research needs to be conducted regarding the use of this ELISA. However, the results indicate that this multiple-antigen ELISA would be a valuable screening test for detecting M. tuberculosis infection in elephant herds.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Spatial risk factors related to outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in northern Italy (1990-1993).

In October 1990, an outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was reported in Italy after an absence of approximately one century. Since October 1990, ninety-four outbreaks have occurred in Italy, of which forty-seven were concentrated in three areas of northern Italy (Lombardy region). The disease was eradicated in September 1993. The data used for the analysis were obtained from the epidemiological investigations undertaken during the outbreaks of 1990-1993. The unit of interest for the analysis is the farm. Spatial segregation of infected and uninfected farms within the study area was determined through the Pielou index of segregation. Data from herds within the same set of outbreaks were analysed through logistic regression to identify factors which could be used to discriminate between infected and uninfected herds. The study indicated a clear spatial segregation between infected and uninfected herds. The results of the analysis do not indicate the mode of disease spread. However, the study demonstrated that both aerosol and indirect transmission of the infection could have occurred, as previously documented in Africa. The possibility that indirect transmission played a prominent role in the spread of CBPP in the region of Lombardy is a completely new suggestion. Further studies are required to understand the epidemiology of CBPP in regions with intensive farming and a relatively cold climate. In particular, three aspects require consideration; firstly, animal movement among neighbouring herds could produce a pattern of disease similar to the one produced by indirect transmission (this possibility was excluded in the epidemiological outbreak investigations conducted by field veterinarians). Secondly, the methods of spatial analysis used in this study have not been previously used in the field of veterinary epidemiology. Further validation of the efficacy of these methods is thus required. Thirdly, the epidemiology of CBPP under conditions of high animal density and a relatively cool climate, as encountered in Lombardy, requires further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus-New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States.

OBJECTIVE: To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States. SAMPLE POPULATION: 23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis. PROCEDURE: Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Identification of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine epidemiologic factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) in dairy cattle slaughtered in 6 important regions for milk production in Mexico. ANIMALS: 2,500 cattle. PROCEDURE: Tissue specimens with lesions typical of TB were obtained during routine inspection of carcasses at abbatoirs between July 1996 and January 1997. Infection with Mycobacterium organisms was confirmed by histologic examination and bacteriologic culture. Species identification was made by use of selective growth medium, conventional biochemical tests, and radiometric procedures. Epidemiologic information for affected cattle was obtained by personal interviews with cattle dealers and owners. RESULTS: 400 (16%) of 2,500 cattle carcasses had gross lesions typical of TB. Of the 400 infected cattle, 336 (84%) had lesions in > or = 1 lymph node. Infection was confirmed in 87% of cattle with gross lesions by histologic examination, in 77% by bacteriologic culture at a laboratory in the United States, and in 59% by bacteriologic culture at a laboratory in Mexico. Most cattle were adult females in fair to good body condition that came from large herds (> 500 cattle) and were not included in the Mexican TB control program. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mean prevalence of lesions typical of TB in dairy cattle at 6 locations in Mexico was 16%. Mycobacterium infection was confirmed by various techniques in most lesions. Recognition of typical gross lesions at slaughter may expedite TB control procedures.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Molecular epidemiologic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess phylogenetic relationships among Mycobacterium bovis isolates by use of random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting and to relate genetic profiles of isolates to epidemiologic characteristics. ANIMALS: 400 cattle with tuberculosis. PROCEDURE: Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from various organs of cattle slaughtered in 6 geographic regions of Mexico. Most cattle were adult Holsteins from large herds that did not participate in a tuberculosis control program. Four random primers and 2 selected primers were used in RAPD-PCR fingerprinting of 88 isolates. Pairwise genetic distance between isolates was obtained and subjected to cluster analysis with bootstrapping to test for levels of support. RESULTS: 98 different fragments were obtained; there was broad genetic diversity among isolates, and each isolate had a unique RAPD-genotype, including those originating from the same herd. Clustering by geographic location, affected organ, or severity of lesion was not detected. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggested that M. bovis was highly clonal and that mutations develop at a rapid rate among isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of RAPD-PCR could not differentiate M. bovis isolates by epidemiologic characteristics or identify common sources of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Attitudes of veterinary medical students, house officers, clinical faculty, and staff toward pain management in animals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether animal factors and level of professional veterinary medical training were associated with attitudes toward pain management in animals. DESIGN: Exploratory, descriptive survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Students in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences professional veterinary medical curriculum (approx 540) and clinical faculty (approx 50), house officers (approx 25), and support staff (approx 100) in the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. PROCEDURE: A descriptive survey including demographic, descriptive, and case-based questions was distributed to participants. Participation was voluntary and survey results were anonymous. RESULTS: 357 of 720 surveys were completed and returned (31 by faculty, 29 by staff, 18 by house officers, and 279 by students). There was a high degree of concordance among survey participants regarding the overall importance of treating pain in animals. The extent to which pain should be alleviated and animal factors, such as breed, behavior, and clinical circumstances, accounted for much of the discordance among survey groups. Fourth-year veterinary students indicated that they were occasionally less likely to treat animals for pain than were second- or third-year veterinary students. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The diversity of opinions regarding the necessity or desirability of treating pain in animals, the apparent decrease in the likelihood of senior veterinary students to treat animals for pain under certain circumstances, and evidence of knowledge deficits regarding analgesic treatments among all groups contribute to the likelihood that pain in animals will neither be consistently recognized nor appropriately treated.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1999

Reasons for relinquishment of companion animals in U.S. animal shelters: selected health and personal issues.

In personal interviews, people surrendering their dogs and cats to 12 animal shelters in 4 regions of the country discussed their reasons for relinquishing their companion animals and answered questions about their own characteristics and those of their pet. The interviews identified 71 reasons for relinquishment. Personal issues lead the class of reasons for relinquishment of cats and ranked 3rd among those given for relinquishment of dogs. The top 3 health and personal issues cited for giving up cats were allergies of a family member to cats, owner's personal problems, and anew baby. For dogs, the top 3 reasons cited were lack of time for the dog, owner's personal problems, and allergies. Analysis of these health and personal issues suggests that education and counseling before and after acquisition of a pet, as well as the availability of temporary accommodations for pets during times of personal crisis, may reduce relinquishments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Moving: characteristics of dogs and cats and those relinquishing them to 12 U.S. animal shelters.

The National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy Regional Shelter Survey identified moving as the most often cited of 71 reasons for relinquishing dogs and the 3rd most common reason for relinquishing cats. Most relinquished companion animals were less than 3 years old and female. Dogs were most often intact, whereas cats were most often altered. Friends had given the majority of these companion animals to the relinquishers, who had obtained them at no cost. Most had lived with the relinquishers for less than 2 years. The majority of relinquishers were White and female, and had at least a high school education. Based on the U.S. population age distribution, young adults seem to be using shelters at a significantly higher rate than would be expected. These age groups are also more mobile, according to U.S. Census data. Therefore, educational efforts that target young, potentially mobile adults could decrease the number of animals relinquished.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Polymerase chain reaction techniques for differentiating cytotoxic and noncytotoxic Pasteurella trehalosi from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for differentiating cytotoxic and noncytotoxic Pasteurella trehalosi from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). SAMPLE POPULATION: 23 isolates of P. trehalosi from bighorn sheep in Colorado, including 18 from free-ranging herds and 5 from a captive herd. PROCEDURE: Using a sequence of the leukotoxin gene region of P. haemolytica serotype 1, 7 PCR primers were designed. A PCR amplification was performed on a sample of bacterial cell suspensions from pure cultures of P. trehalosi with known in vitro cytotoxic effects. The 2 most promising primer pairs were used in a study of 23 P. trehalosi isolates. Results were analyzed for association with cytotoxicity and 3 distinct ribotypes (Eco, Aco, and Bco). RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between in vitro cytotoxicity and PCR results for coding region, between ribotype Eco classification and PCR results for coding region, and between ribotype Eco classification and PCR results for promoter region. There was a negative association between ribotype Aco classification and PCR results for coding and promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The PCR for the leukotoxin A coding region may be useful in differentiating cytotoxic from noncytotoxic P. trehalosi isolates recovered from bighorn sheep. It may be useful for studying epidemiologic features of pasteurellosis in bighorn sheep and for designing vaccines to protect wild sheep against pneumonia caused by P. trehalosi and P. haemolytica.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Public veterinary medicine: public health. Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996.

OBJECTIVE: To determine potential risk factors for vesicular stomatitis (VS) in Colorado livestock in 1995 and evaluate VS virus (VSV) exposure of Colorado livestock in 1996. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study of VS risk factors and seroprevalence evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Premises included 52 that had VS-positive animals and 33 that did not have VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic, and 8 in the vicinity of premises that had VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic. PROCEDURE: Layout and management data for premises were collected during site visits in 1996. Signalment and management data were collected for animals from which samples were obtained, and samples were tested by serologic examination and virus isolation. The VSV seroprevalence rate was estimated for Colorado, using serum obtained for equine infectious anemia testing and from the Market Cattle Identification program in Colorado. RESULTS: At least 1 animal was seropositive for VSV on 35 of 52 (67%) premises, and 71 of 228 (31%) animals tested were seropositive for VSV. Seroprevalence was 63 of 170 (37%) for horses and 8 of 54 (15%) for cattle. Seroprevalence of VSV in animals from non-study premises in Colorado in 1996 was estimated to be 1.1% in cattle and 0.8% in horses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Overall VSV seroprevalence in Colorado livestock was less than seroprevalence in epidemic areas, and seroprevalence rates in epidemic areas were greater for horses than cattle. Results may indicate that some animals had subclinical VSV infection during epidemics and that animals may be exposed to VSV between epidemics.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract (i.e., nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx) in horses and to assess the association among specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of disease. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 151 horses with clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) from 56 premises in Colorado. PROCEDURE: Health management data, blood samples, and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained for 151 horses with clinical signs of acute IURD. Of these horses, 112 had an additional blood sample obtained during convalescence and were considered to have complete sample sets. Samples were tested for evidence of respiratory tract infection by use of ELISA, virus isolation, and serologic testing of paired serum samples. RESULTS: Viral infections were identified in 65 horses with complete sample sets; influenza virus infection was identified in 43 horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection in 18, and mixed influenza virus and EHV infections in 4. On 14 premises, samples were obtained from more than 1 affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of 14 premises. Equine herpesviruses were isolated from 10 horses. A relationship was not found between vaccination history and identification of EHV or influenza virus infections. An infection with EHV was less likely to be identified in horses with initial (acute) antibody titers > 1:16 to EHV. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Influenza virus (specifically, A/equine/2) was the most common virus associated with acute IURD. Use of multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than 1 horse in an outbreak may improve detection of viral infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Injuries and illnesses in working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City.

OBJECTIVES: To determine characteristics of working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City and risk factors for injuries and illnesses of those dogs, and to document recommendations for future disaster responses. DESIGN: Survey. STUDY POPULATION: Information for 74 working dogs used at the bombing site. PROCEDURES: Dog handlers were identified and asked to complete a questionnaire. Questions were asked about the training and use of each dog, use of paw protection, injuries and illnesses incurred, possible effects after completion of duty at Oklahoma City, and handler's experience. RESULTS: Data were obtained for all 74 dogs used at the site. Handlers of 69 of 74 (93%) dogs responded. The dogs had been extensively trained and were used 491 dog-days at the site, with 46 dogs used in search, 14 in patrol, 12 in explosive-detection duty, and 2 in search/patrol. Fifteen (22%) dogs became ill. Nineteen (28%) dogs incurred 20 injuries. Footpad injuries constituted 18 of the injuries. Only 16 of 69 (23%) dogs were provided with paw protection. Dogs were more likely to be injured when they were used in a search capacity, were used during the first 2 days after the bombing, were German Shepherd Dogs, or were older. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although working in a high-risk environment, injuries to dogs were few, and most were minor. Specific recommendations could facilitate use of dogs in disaster situations and improve safety for those dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of prognostic indicators for dogs with pericardial effusion: 46 cases (1985-1996).

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with disease-free interval and survival time for dogs with pericardial effusion. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 46 dogs. PROCEDURE: Signalment, history, results of physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and thoracic radiography; disease-free interval; and survival time were obtained from medical records or telephone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians. RESULTS: Dogs that had ascites at the time of the initial physical examination were significantly less likely, and dogs that had evidence of pulmonary metastases on thoracic radiographs or that had echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial mass were significantly more likely, to have died of pericardial effusion or the underlying cause of effusion than were dogs that did not. Median survival time was 15.3 months for dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion, 16 days for dogs with hemangiosarcoma, and 13.6 months for dogs with mesothelioma. Dogs that had a nonspecific extracardiac mass and underwent pericardiectomy were significantly less likely to have had recurrence of signs than were dogs that did not. However, dogs with mesothelioma or hemangiosarcoma that underwent pericardiectomy did not have a significantly different risk of recurrence of signs or survival time, compared with dogs that did not. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that pericardiectomy will not affect risk of recurrence or survival time in dogs with pericardial effusion secondary to hemangiosarcoma or mesothelioma. However, pericardiectomy is still needed to differentiate dogs with neoplastic pericardial effusion from dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion.

Animals↗