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Biomedical subjects

M D Mann

Publications and source records attributed to M D Mann.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Calculation of glomerular filtration rate in infants and children. The use of one- and two-compartment models.

Radiopharmaceuticals such as chromium-51-ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid and technetium-99m-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid are often used to measure glomerular filtration rate. Some assumptions are inherent in the method while others are made to simplify the procedure. The assumption of a one-compartment model falls into the latter group and is an important cause of misleading results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The development of a microcomputer system for poisons information retrieval.

The Poisons Information Centre at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town makes use of a microcomputer for information retrieval. An outline is given of the data base design and the manner in which data were collected and collated. User operation of the system is described and its effect on the efficiency of the service noted.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1986

Effective stimulation distance for current from macroelectrodes.

Effective spread of stimulating current from macroelectrodes was measured using antidromic responses of axons of the pyramidal tract as an indicator of excitation. Both monopolar and concentric bipolar electrode configurations were tested with stimulating distances as large as 7mm. The effective stimulation distance was greater from monopolar electrodes especially at greater current strengths, but differences between the two configurations were frequently small and reversals of this trend occurred. There was no statistically significant difference between the estimates of effective stimulation distance made using large and small axons. The shape of current-distance curves was approximately parabolic using both bipolar and monopolar stimulation. A current strength of 0.5 to 1.0 mA will confine effective current from a monopolar electrode to a sphere of 2-mm radius, but will not stimulate all elements within that area. Even in a brain area as homogeneous as the pyramidal tract, there is still a great deal of variability from mean values in effective stimulation distance. Presumably, the variability would be even greater in more heterogeneous regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Timing and magnitude of adolescent growth in height and weight in Cape coloured children after kwashiorkor.

One hundred sixteen patients who had had kwashiorkor between the ages of 5 months and 4 4/12 years and 89 controls were the subjects of a 15-year follow-up study of their growth and development. We report the findings of a longitudinal analysis of 53 (30 females) of the ex-patients and 30 (15 females) of the controls, selected because at the end of 15 years of study they conformed to the criteria of adult secondary sexual characteristics, height velocity less than 2 cm/yr, and completeness of data. Nonlinear curve-fitting techniques were applied to the height and weight data for these subjects using the Preece-Baines model 1 growth function to determine the timing and magnitude of adolescent growth spurts and the associated biologic changes. Both ex-patients and controls grew below the 25th percentile of British longitudinal standards, but the male ex-patients were heavier, and perhaps taller, than the controls for most of their childhood and adolescence. Velocity curves indicated that the ex-patients had higher pre-adolescent peak increments than the controls and a generally longer growth spurt of reduced magnitude. Two possible explanations are discussed: Garrow and Pike's theory that children with kwashiorkor have a genetic potential for greater physical growth, and a socioeconomic crisis occurring within a family affects the youngest child, who subsequently requires a longer time to recover than do siblings within an improving socioeconomic situation.

Black People↗
PubMed1986

Use of oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine in the treatment of severe persistent diarrhea in infants.

Oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine were given either as single agents or in various combinations to infants who still required treatment after seven days in the hospital for persistent diarrhea. The effect of these drugs and the interactions between them were assessed by comparing daily stool output during treatment with that in the pretreatment period. The effect of the drugs on apparent nitrogen and fat absorption was also studied. On the first day of treatment the presence of cholestyramine was associated with a significantly greater decrease in stool output. This effect appeared to be largely due to an interaction with gentamicin. Thereafter, only gentamicin produced a significantly greater decrease in stool weight. At no stage was metronidazole of benefit. Gentamicin and cholestyramine also indirectly improved apparent nitrogen and fat absorption by reducing stool output. The combination of oral gentamicin and cholestyramine is recommended as a safe and effective way of treating infants with severe persistent diarrhea following acute gastroenteritis.

Cholestyramine Resin↗
PubMed1985

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate in children using technetium-99m diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid.

During the past 5 years, we have measured the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the slope-clearance method using technetium-99m diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) in 130 infants and children. The results in 22 children have been compared with inulin clearance, and a very good correlation between the two methods of measurement of GFR was demonstrated (r = 0,9616; P less than 0,0001). This study provides further evidence that 99mTc-DTPA is a satisfactory agent for the clinical measurement of GFR in children.

Child↗
PubMed1984

The growth of the brain and skull in children.

Published data for brain weight and head circumference in children were examined to determine whether there was evidence for development of brain size in 'spurts' rather than continuously. Graphical methods and various statistical analyses were used to detect significant deviations from a smooth progression in growth of the brain or skull. No convincing evidence for other than normal statistical sampling variations was found for either brain size or head circumference. It is premature to begin reorganization of school curriculae on the grounds that the brains of children grow in spurts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Duodenal microflora in infants with acute and persistent diarrhoea.

The duodenal bacterial population was determined qualitatively and quantitatively in 3 groups of infants with diarrhoeal disease of varying duration. Infants with acute self limiting diarrhoea (group 1) had an abnormal overgrowth of organisms in the upper small bowel which was similar to that found in infants whose diarrhoea persisted after 4 days in hospital (group 2). The total duodenal organism count in infants with diarrhoea persisting after 7 days in hospital (group 3) was almost 100 times greater than either of the other groups. The findings may have important implications in preventing persistent diarrhoea from becoming protracted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

The use of radionuclides in the investigation of conjoined twins.

Three sets of thoraco-omphalopagous conjoined twins were investigated. The clinical findings indicated a complex shared heart in two sets, and separate cardiovascular systems in the other. These assessments were confirmed by dynamic imaging after bolus injection of Tc-99m(Sn)colloid or Tc-99m millimicrospheres. Static images were then used to establish the configurations of the shared livers. The results of these studies were in keeping with the angiographic and autopsy findings in the two sets with complex cardiac anomalies and with the surgical findings during successful separation of the third set.

Heart Defects, Congenital↗
PubMed1982

The bromide partition test and CSF adenosine deaminase activity in the diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis in children.

Bromide partition tests were performed on 58 children with suspected tuberculous meningitis (TBM). CSF adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) was measured at the same time. Four of the 33 patients with a final diagnosis of TBM had false-negative bromide partition ratios and 5 had false-negative CSF ADA levels. One of the 25 patients in whom TBM was excluded had a false-positive ratio and 4 had false-positive CSF ADA levels. The difference between the two tests was not significant. Both provide valuable evidence for or against a diagnosis of TBM.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1982

Protein and fat absorption in prolonged diarrhoea in infancy.

15N-yeast protein absorption, nitrogen and fat retention, stool reducing substances, and lactate concentrations were measured in 22 infants who had had severe diarrhoea for 7 days. Stool losses of nitrogen and fat were large, and an appreciable proportion appeared to be endogenous. The supply of nitrogen and energy might have been a limiting factor in tissue repair if stool weight exceeded 30 g/kg body weight a day. These results differ from those in older children with kwashiorkor complicated by diarrhoea of similar severity.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1981

Hypernatraemic dehydration. A prospective study in children with diarrhoeal disease.

Hypernatraemia occurs in a significant number of infants with dehydrating diarrhoea. There are some diagnostic clinical features, but these are not specific, and without routine electrolyte estimations many with hypernatraemia would go undetected. The standard fluid therapy schedule used at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital gave satisfactory results in both hypernatraemic and non-hypernatraemic patients. It is suitable for use in situations when electrolyte estimations on all patients are not possible.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

The bowel cocktail.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Cholestyramine Resin↗
PubMed1980

A prospective 15-year follow-up study of kwashiorkor patients. Part I. Physical growth and development.

A series of 221 infants admitted to hospital with kwashiorkor between 1958 and 1960 has been followed up for 15 years. Seventy-two (32%) died of malnutrition either at the time of first admission or shortly thereafter. The subsequent physical growth and development of the survivors remaining in Cape Town has been compared with that of 89 of their siblings who had never had kwashiorkor, but grew up in the same environment. No differences were noted between the two groups, but considered together they demonstrated a pattern of retarded growth and delayed development. This suggests an adaptive mechanism suited to survival in poor socio-economic circumstances. The years of poor growth in childhood and early adult life are not associated with an undue mortality, and malnutrition exacts its toll of morbidity and mortality in the early years of life. It is to this age group that intervention with short-term solutions (food subsidization and supplementation) should be applied with the expectation of demonstrable benefit. The long-term solution depends on advancing socio-economic conditions, bringing better nutrition and enlightened health practices; this will eventually lead to improved standards of growth and development.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

A prospective 15-year follow-up study of kwashiorkor patients. Part II. Social circumstances, educational attainment and social adjustment.

Of 221 infants serially admitted to hospital with kwashiorkor and continuously observed thereafter, 116 were available for study after 15 years. Eighty-nine siblings formed the comparison group. This report is a final assessment of their social circumstances, attainment in education and adjustment to society. Economic circumstances had improved considerably, housing adequacy had deteriorated and family instability had become relatively less marked. Achievement in education resembled that of the population from which the sample was drawn, and there was no difference between that of ex-patients and siblings. The majority of school-leavers were in gainful occupation but the nature of the work was unskilled or semiskilled. Delinquency was equally common in ex-patients and siblings. More than a quarter of the boys showed serious or potentially serious antisocial behaviour.

Child Development↗