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Biomedical subjects

M D Bowie

Publications and source records attributed to M D Bowie.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

D-lactate production and [14C]succinic acid uptake by adherent and nonadherent Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli isolates of different adherence phenotypes produced different amounts of D-lactate. Alterations of culture conditions did not influence the amount of D-lactate produced. The observed pH decreases in tissue culture medium corresponded with increases in D-lactate concentration. Very little [14C]succinic acid was incorporated into cells during the in vitro incubation of adherent and nonadherent E. coli with HeLa cells, but the amounts of tracer removed from the culture medium by adherent and nonadherent strains differed. The results are further evidence of a difference in the metabolic behavior of adherent and nonadherent E. coli.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1997

Media violence.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Surgery in cystic fibrosis--a 20-year review.

The surgical histories of 111 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) seen between 1972 and 1991 were examined. Fifty-seven of these children underwent 154 operations; in 34 the surgery was directly related to CF and accounted for 84 operations. Meconium ileus and its complications were responsible for 26 of the 32 major abdominal CF-related procedures and there were 3 major CF-related thoracic operations. Only 1 child died within a month of operation. Complications occurred in 11.9% of general anaesthetics and post-operative complications in 9.2% of operations. Patients with CF are likely to need operative intervention and, when indicated, surgery should have a low morbidity and mortality.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Loperamide for treatment of acute diarrhoea in infants and young children. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

High-dose loperamide reduces stool output and shortens the duration of diarrhoea in infants receiving intravenous fluids for rehydration, but may cause potentially harmful side-effects in a small number of patients. This double-blind placebo-controlled study was undertaken to assess whether loperamide would shorten the hospital stay of dehydrated children in a rehydration unit. Ninety-one patients with acute dehydrating diarrhoea received loperamide and 94 received placebo. The groups were clinically indistinguishable on admission to hospital. There was no difference between groups for the duration of rehydration or the number of treatment failures. The use of loperamide is not recommended in the treatment of infants and young children with acute diarrhoea.

Antidiarrheals↗
PubMed1991

Preschool development of coloured children in Cape Town.

Developmental screening was applied during infancy to a birth cohort of 1,000 coloured infants born consecutively in Cape Town. The developmental progress of a sample of 187 children randomly selected from the cohort was followed over a period of 5 years. The value of the use of developmental screening is questioned, since 4 of the children in the cohort with major handicap had been diagnosed before the first screening was carried out and a 5th child with deafness was not detected by the screening process. Developmental milestones were similar to those studies reported in the literature. At 12 months the development correlated best with family stability. Language development at 30 months was associated with mother's education and family stability and reflected a general lag in verbal skills. By 5 years there was a good correlation between development and social indicators, particularly income and mother's education.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Growth of preschool coloured children in Cape Town.

The growth of a random sample of coloured children in Cape Town was studied from birth until 5 years. At birth they were relatively light and short for gestational age. Size at birth correlated with social class. A rapid postnatal weight gain rendered them relatively overweight between 3 and 6 months. Thereafter they became lighter and shorter than the NCHS reference values and this persisted throughout the preschool period. Genetic factors, reflected by parental growth, were found to predict growth during childhood, but they were more predictive of weight and head circumference than of length. From 12 months onwards, socio-economic factors played a significant role in determining growth even after the effects of the genetic factors had been taken into account.

Black People↗
PubMed1991

Dietary manipulation for treating infants with prolonged dehydrating diarrhoea: a comparison of four different formulae.

Dietary manipulation is often the first step in the treatment of infants with persistent acute dehydrating diarrhoea. This usually entails elimination of lactose, but other disaccharides or whole protein may be causing the disease. Serial elimination of these takes time and it may be preferable to use a whole protein and disaccharide-free formula as the first feed change. This study assessed the effect on stool weight of a change from cow's milk formula feeds to one of four different formulae in infants with severe diarrhoea persisting after 3 days in hospital. Two feeds were lactose-free soy formulae containing sucrose, one was disaccharide-free soy formula and one a disaccharide-free protein hydrolysate. Regardless of which feed the infants received, diarrhoea resolved in approximately 50% following the change in diet. Comparing those who got better with those who did not, the former were generally better nourished and had an initial lower stool output, but it was impossible to predict on clinical grounds which individual would respond to the removal of cow's milk. The results suggest that elimination of lactose in infants with persistent severe diarrhoea will benefit a significant number in the early stage of the disease. As there is no additional benefit from eliminating sucrose or whole protein at this stage, the cheapest available lactose-free formula should be used initially.

Diarrhea, Infantile↗
PubMed1991

Endoscopic sclerotherapy for control of bleeding varices in children.

Thirty-three children with esophageal varices due to portal hypertension underwent injection sclerotherapy over a period of 6 yr. Thirty-one completed the sclerotherapy course, and the varices were eradicated in all. In nine, the procedure was performed as an emergency because of continued bleeding and, in each case, a gastric fundal varix was the source of the blood loss. Sclerotherapy successfully controlled the bleeding in four of these, whereas five required surgical underrunning of the fundal varix. After surgery, these five continued sclerotherapy until the esophageal varices were eradicated. Complications included transient pyrexia (39%), retrosternal discomfort (30%), esophageal ulceration (18%), and esophageal stricture (12%). Rebleeding before initial eradication of the varices occurred in 12 patients but, thereafter, was very uncommon and always small in amount. Esophageal varices recurred after initial eradication in 33% of cases but were easily sclerosed with further injections. This study demonstrates that sclerotherapy is effective in reducing bleeding frequency in children with portal hypertension, but emphasizes the need for regular follow-up endoscopy after initial eradication of esophageal varices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Primary peptic ulcer disease in childhood.

In a retrospective survey, the clinical details of all children with primary peptic ulcer seen at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital over a 12-year period were analysed. The diagnosis was confirmed in 31 cases, 22 of whom had a duodenal ulcer. Gastro-intestinal bleeding was the presenting symptom in 19 patients. In 7 of these there were no preceding symptoms, rendering earlier diagnosis impossible. Those presenting with abdominal pain had a mean interval of 2.8 years between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Useful clinical clues in these children were epigastric tenderness and anaemia. To avoid diagnostic delays, peptic ulcer disease should be considered more often in children with abdominal pain. When available, gastro-intestinal tract endoscopy should be the diagnostic investigation of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effect of loperamide on stool output and duration of acute infectious diarrhea in infants.

This study was designed to assess the effect of loperamide, given to infants in higher than recommended doses, on the severity and duration of acute diarrhea. Thirty infants with acute diarrhea and dehydration were given loperamide (0.8 mg/kg/day), in addition to standard fluid therapy, for 48 hours after admission to the hospital. The stool output in grams per kilograms of body weight per day and the duration of diarrhea in these infants were compared with those in 30 matched control infants receiving only standard fluid therapy. Two infants given loperamide had to be withdrawn from the trial because ileus developed in one and the other had persistent severe vomiting. In four other infants receiving loperamide, drowsiness developed but resolved rapidly on discontinuation of the drug. Infants receiving loperamide had a shorter duration of diarrhea (median 2.5 vs 6.0 days) and lower daily stool output than the control subjects had. The study confirmed the efficacy of loperamide in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea but raised doubts regarding its safety in the treatment of young infants.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Cholestatic disorders of infancy--aetiology and outcome.

The relative frequency of causes of cholestatic disorders of infancy in a developing area was established in a prospective study. During a 10-year period, 145 infants with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia were investigated. Intrahepatic disorders accounted for 68 per cent with no identifiable cause (idiopathic hepatitis) in the majority. Syphilis, urinary tract infection and septicaemia together made up 30 per cent of intrahepatic causes with metabolic disorders accounting for 12 per cent. Outcome in those with idiopathic hepatitis, and those treated for syphilis and UTI was relatively good. Complete recovery from syphilitic hepatitis on average took 11 months. Extrahepatic disorders occurred in 32 per cent and were almost entirely due to biliary atresia. Results of hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia were poor because of late referral in many instances. Compared to developed countries, infantile cholestasis in developing areas is more commonly associated with treatable bacterial infection. Referring agencies should be aware of this fact and the need for early referral of cases with possible biliary atresia.

Cholestasis↗
PubMed1990

Factors influencing the duration of acute diarrheal disease in infancy.

The majority of episodes of acute infectious diarrhea in infancy are of relatively short duration. Prolongation of the diarrhea presents problems in management, deterioration of the infant's nutritional status, and an increased mortality. As part of a prospective study of the etiology of acute infectious diarrhea, some factors associated with the probability (more or less) of having self-limiting disease have been identified. The well-nourished infant over 6 months of age is more likely to have self-limiting disease, whereas this outcome is least likely in the very young infant under 3 months of age, particularly if underweight for age. With the exception of Shigella, bacterial enteropathogens (Campylobacter fetus jejuni, Salmonella B, and certain enteropathogenic Escherichia coli types) were also associated with a decreased likelihood of self-limiting disease. Rotavirus infection was associated with self-limiting disease except in the infant under 3 months of age, where the probability of self-limiting disease was decreased.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Absorption and retention in acute diarrhoea.

15N-yeast protein absorption, nitrogen and fat retention and stool reducing substances and lactate were measured in 6 infants who had acute diarrhoea and 15 who had had severe diarrhoea for 4 d. The results were compared with those of previously reported infants, who had had diarrhoea for 8 d. The infants were fed a full cream cows' milk, soy based or low lactose formula. In all cases the losses of nitrogen and energy in stool rose as stool weight increased. In severe diarrhoea, the losses of nutrients in stool were so great that oral feeds did not provide adequate nitrogen and energy. The smallest loss of nitrogen and fat were found in infants who had had diarrhoea for 4 d and who were fed a soy based formula.

Analysis of Variance↗