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Biomedical subjects

M Coates

Publications and source records attributed to M Coates.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Cancer incidence in Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia.

Cancer incidence during 1972-90 in Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia, is described. Overall cancer incidence was lower than in the Australia born in most migrant groups, and this reached significance in migrants born in China/Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam and India/Sri Lanka, and in male migrants born in Indonesia. For the majority of cancers, rates were more similar to those in the Australia born than to those in the countries of birth. For cancers of the breast, colorectum and prostate, rates were relatively low in the countries of birth, but migrants generally exhibited rates nearer those of the Australia born. For cancers of the liver and cervix and, in India/Sri Lanka-born migrants, of the oral cavity, incidence was relatively high in the countries of birth but tended to be lower, nearer Australia-born rates, in the migrants. For these cancers, environmental factors related to the migrant's adopted country, and migrant selection, appeared to have a major effect on the risk of cancer. For certain other cancers, incidence was more similar to that in the countries of birth. Nasopharyngeal cancer, and lung cancer in females, had high rates in both the countries of birth and in migrants to Australia. Nasopharyngeal cancer rates were highest in China/Taiwan and Hong Kong-born migrants, and were also significantly high in migrants from Malaysia/Singapore, Vietnam and the Philippines. Rates of lung cancer were significantly high in women born in China/Taiwan, and the excess was greater for adenocarcinoma than for squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma had low rates in both the migrants and in the countries of birth. For these cancers, it was probable that genetic factors, or environmental factors acting prior to migration, were important in causation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Characteristics of the oral lesions in patients with cutaneous recurrent erythema multiforme.

Erythema multiforme may be recurrent and the oral cavity is often affected. A series of 82 patients with unequivocal recurrent cutaneous erythema multiforme were examined to determine the incidence and nature of oral lesions. Seventy per cent of patients had oral lesions, comprising multiple, large, shallow, extremely painful and debilitating ulcers, which affected the entire oral mucosa in over 20%. The buccal mucosa and tongue were the most frequently affected sites in the remainder and the lips were affected in 13% of patients. Lesions generally lasted for 1-3 weeks. In over 60% of cases these attacks followed an episode of herpes simplex virus infection during the preceding fortnight. Recurrent attacks showed a different site distribution from the initial attacks, with a greater proportion having genital as well as skin and oral mucosal involvement. Detailed case histories of five patients are presented to illustrate the role of azathioprine in treating oral lesions and to document a familial case of recurrent erythema multiforme, with severe mucosal involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Rat intestinal mucosal responses to a microbial flora and different diets.

The effects of diet on the histochemical composition of intestinal mucosubstances and the morphology of the villi and crypts were investigated by comparing the data of germ free and conventionally maintained rats fed either a purified diet or a commercial diet. The influence of intestinal microflora was evaluated by comparing the germ free rats and those harbouring either a conventional rat flora or a human microbial flora. In both germ free rats and those maintained conventionally, feeding a purified diet resulted in shallower crypts in the small intestine but deeper crypts in the large intestine compared with their counterparts fed on the commercial diet. The preliminary data obtained with association of human flora showed a reduction of the villus height and crypt depth in the small intestine and, to some extent, the amount of neutral mucins in the goblet cells of both small and large intestine and an increase in the amount of sulphated mucins in the large intestine. In rats given the commercial diet the periodic acid Schiff staining for neutral mucins was more intense in the upper crypts of the small intestine than in the lower crypts, and to a lesser extent in the upper crypts of the large intestine. These results provide evidence that the dietary composition, microbial flora, as well as the interactions between the dietary constituents and microbial flora change the mucosal architecture and the mucus composition and therefore alter the functional characteristics of the intestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Multiple primary melanomas: an analysis of cancer registry data from Victoria and New South Wales.

All primary invasive cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM) diagnosed in Victoria and New South Wales from 1985 to 1989 were obtained from the population-based cancer registries. Altogether 14,590 people with first CMMs were followed for at least 2 years, during which time 496 multiple primary CMMs were identified. Of the study population, 3.4% developed a second primary CMM and 0.3% developed three or more. It was estimated that 4.5% of people would develop a second CMM within 5 years of the first and that the risk was higher in males, particularly in men aged over 70 years. With regard to metachronous primaries, only age and thickness of the first primary were significant predictors of the thickness of the second: older people tended to have thicker CMMs and second CMMs were generally thinner than the first. Body site concordance was higher than expected by chance, particularly for synchronous diagnoses. The high degree of site concordance of metachronous primaries lent support to the hypothesis that skin adjacent to the first CMM might have undergone a 'field effect', rendering it at increased susceptibility to malignancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Australia, 1989.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Australians in 1989. DESIGN AND DATA: Descriptive analysis of all invasive melanomas reported to State or Territory cancer registries in 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The age, sex and State or Territory of residence of affected individuals, and the topography, morphology and thickness of the melanoma. RESULTS: The age-standardised incidence rates of melanoma were 30.2 and 23.9 per 100,000 males and females respectively; the highest rates were observed for the male trunk (11.7 per 100,000) and female lower limbs (8.8 per 100,000); the most commonly specified morphology was superficial spreading melanoma, followed by nodular melanoma and lentigo malignant melanoma. Fifty-two per cent of melanomas of known thickness were thinner than 0.76 mm, with females having proportionally more thin melanomas than males, and males having twice the rate of melanomas thicker than 3 mm. Melanoma rates in northern latitudes were approximately double those further south. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct patterns of melanoma incidence by latitude and body site confirm the role of sunlight exposure in melanoma aetiology. Females often have thinner melanomas than males, which is reflected in their better prognosis. People living closer to the equator more often have level 1 (in situ) and thin invasive melanoma, probably related to increased awareness of melanoma risk with decreasing latitude. The collection of melanoma data would be improved if pathologists' reports routinely included melanoma site, morphology, level and thickness. All registries should collect data on level 1 melanomas to help evaluate early melanoma detection programs and to continue surveillance of the Australian skin cancer epidemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cancer incidence in migrants to New South Wales (Australia) from the Middle East, 1972-91.

The incidence of cancer in migrants to New South Wales (NSW) from Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey has been compared with that in the Australian-born population using data from the NSW Central Cancer Registry for 1972-91. Age-standardized incidence rates showed overall cancer incidence to be less common in migrants from each Middle Eastern country than in the Australian-born. There was a clear pattern of generally low rates for cancers of the mouth and pharynx, esophagus, colon and rectum, lung (men only), ovary, prostate and testis, and melanoma. Cancers which tended to be more common in migrants were nasopharynx, stomach (women only), liver (men only), gallbladder (chiefly in women), bladder (men only), and thyroid. Breast cancer did not show a uniform pattern among migrant groups, rates being high in the Egyptian-born but low in Lebanese-born women. The overall low incidence of cancers related to tobacco and alcohol, and to a 'high fat, low fiber' diet, emphasizes the potential role of preventable lifestyle factors in the burden of cancer in Australia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiological characteristics of Kaposi's sarcoma prior to the AIDS epidemic.

Twenty-six cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were recorded by the New South Wales Central Cancer Registry between 1972 and 1982, prior to the first AIDS diagnoses in Australia. The overall annual incidence was 0.47 per million. Incidence was three times higher in males. The highest incidence was in people born in the Middle East and in males born in southern and eastern Europe.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Patterns of oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence in New South Wales, Australia.

Incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancers have been reported to be increasing in Europe and the United States, with particularly large increases in mortality in central and eastern Europe. Such increases have been noted to be birth cohort-based, primarily affecting young and middle-aged men. In this report oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence data from New South Wales, Australia has been analysed for the period 1972-90. Although an increase in the incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer occurred during the mid-1970s and early 1980s, it did not continue. This pattern is consistent with Australian trends in per capita consumption of tobacco, alcohol, fruit and vegetables. Individual regions within metropolitan Sydney showed substantial geographical variation with age-specific rates of oral and pharyngeal cancers (combined) in middle-aged men being at least three times higher in the city of Sydney than in New South Wales as a whole. Given the preventable nature of the disease, such high rates need not occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cancer incidence in New South Wales, Australia.

In 1972, cancer registration began in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia. The operations of the Registry are described. By 1990, approximately 316,000 new cases of cancer had been notified from a population that had increased from 4.6 to 5.8 million. In 1981-1984, the most common sites in men were lung, prostate, colon, melanoma and bladder, and in women, breast, melanoma, colon, lung and unknown primary site. Cancers which, between 1973-1976 and 1981-1984, had increased in reported incidence by more than 25% were pharynx and kidney in both sexes, rectum, testis and melanoma in men, and lung and bladder in women; those decreasing by more than 10% were stomach in both sexes, oesophagus in men and cervix in women. Age-standardised incidence rates for melanoma (27.4 [m] and 23.8 [f] per 100,000 in 1987) and cancer of the renal pelvis in women (1.7 per 100,000 in 1989) are among the highest in the world.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiology of alimentary cancers in New South Wales, 1973-82.

Incidence and mortality data from New South Wales (NSW) for 1973-82 were examined using log-linear regression to determine the temporal trends of cancers of the alimentary tract. There were significant increases in incidence of cancers of the colon (1.7%/year), rectum (2.6%/year), and liver (4.0%/year) and decreases for cancers of the oesophagus (-2.2%/year) and stomach (-1.4%/year). By contrast, the mortality decreased significantly for cancers of the colon (-1.0%/year) and pancreas (-1.4%/year) as well as for cancers of the oesophagus (-3.4%/year) and stomach (-4.1%/year). Cancers of the colon, rectum and oesophagus were generally less frequent, and cancer of the stomach was more frequent, among migrants to NSW than among the native-born Australians in NSW. This pattern was most evident in migrants from Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia and England and was absent in migrants from Scotland and New Zealand. When compared with the state as a whole, rural NSW had significantly lower incidences of cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, colon and rectum.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Simulation of protein evolution by random fixation of allowed codons.

Computer simulation of protein evolution is based on a simple model consisting of random fixation of allowed codons (RFAC). Random replacement of single nucleotides occurs in a DNA sequence. If this results in any of the synonomous codons for allowed amino acids the mutation is fixed, if not, there is no change in the DNA and the cycle is repeated. Multiple fixations at the same nucleotide site, back mutations, degenerate fixations and coincidental identity of amino acids all occur. RFAC simulation begins with a single DNA sequence and follows a phylogeny based on the fossil record. The rate of fixation at the level of DNA is constant. The model upon which RFAC simulation is based is the same as the neutral theory of molecular evolution. The simulation is therefore a test of this theory. The results of simulated and real evolution are compared for fibrinopeptides A in mammals and cytochromes C and hemoglobin alpha and beta chains in vertebrates. In each case the allowed variation at each site has been set equal to that observed, twice that observed and all protein amino acids. Rates of fixation vary from 2.4 X 10(-10) to 10(-8) accepted nucleotide fixations per codon per year. There is some, although never excellent, agreement between real and simulated evolution, the better fits are obtained in the cases of fibrinopeptides A and cytochromes C. The major source of discrepancy between real evolution and simulation is irregularities in the rates of real evolution. RFAC simulation is compared with the random evolutionary hit (REH) model, augmented maximum parsimony and the accepted point mutations (PAM) approach.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

High levels of inosine monophosphate in the erythrocytes of elasmobranchs.

The acid soluble organic phosphates of the erythrocytes of three species of elasmobranchs were assayed by chromatography on Dowex 1 anion exchange columns. Organic phosphates in the peaks eluted from these columns were identified by their ultraviolet absorption spectra and by further chromatography on paper. All three species are unusual amongst the vertebrates in that their erythrocytes contain high levels of inosine monophosphate (IMP). IMP has little effect on the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobins of the two species tested.

Animals↗