Properties of Asp212----Asn bacteriorhodopsin suggest that Asp212 and Asp85 both participate in a counterion and proton acceptor complex near the Schiff base.
The gene coding for bacteriorhodopsin was modified in vitro to replace Asp212 with asparagine and expressed in Halobacterium halobium. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the major lattice dimension of purple membrane containing the mutated bacteriorhodopsin was the same as wild type. At pH greater than 7, the Asp212----Asn chromophore was blue (absorption maximum at 585 nm) and exhibited a photocycle containing only the intermediates K and L, i.e. a reaction sequence very similar to that of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin at pH less than 3 and the blue form of the Asp85----Glu protein at pH less than 9. Since in the latter cases these effects are attributed to protonation of residue 85, it now appears that removal of the carboxylate of Asp212 has similar consequences as removing the carboxylate of Asp85. However, an important difference is that only Asp85 affects the pKa of the Schiff base. At pH less than 7, the Asp212----Asn protein was purple (absorption maximum at 569 nm) but photoexcitation produced only 15% of the normal amount of M and the transport activity was partial. The reactions of the blue and purple forms after photoexcitation are both quantitatively accounted for by a proposed scheme, K in equilibrium with L1 in equilibrium with L2----BR, but with the addition of an L1 in equilibrium with M reaction with unfavorable pKa for Schiff base deprotonation in the purple form. The latter hinders the transient accumulation of M, and the consequent branching at L1 allows only partial proton transport activity. The results are consistent with the existence of a complex counterion for the Schiff base proposed earlier (De Groot, H. J. M., Harbison, G. S., Herzfeld, J., and Griffin, R. G. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3346-3353) and suggest that Asp85, Asp212, and at least one other protonable residue participate in it.