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Biomedical subjects

M Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to M Campbell.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Squamous cell carcinoma of the gastric stump. A case report and review of the literature.

Adenosquamous and pure squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach are very rare. This report is apparently the first published case of pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gastric stump. It occurred in a 67-year-old patient 37 years after Billroth II resection. This case satisfied the criteria established in the literature for the diagnosis of gastric squamous cell carcinoma. A diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma was excluded by extensive histologic investigation of a large number of tissue samples--a total 122 sections from 25 blocks--that revealed neither glandular structures nor mucin. The tumor stroma contained an unusually large number of eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells reacted with a monoclonal antibody against keratin (KL1), but not with antibodies against neuroendocrine or endothelial markers, or alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. The tumor may possibly originate from ectopic squamous epithelium, squamous metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, or an undifferentiated mucosal stem cell. However, we excluded an endothelial origin (which has been proposed by other authors) on the basis of immunohistochemical findings.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Long-term efficacy of haloperidol in autistic children: continuous versus discontinuous drug administration.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of haloperidol in autistic children and to determine whether discontinuous drug administration was as effective as continuous drug administration. Sixty children, 48 males and 12 females, ages 2.3 to 7.9 years (X 5.1) completed the study. They received haloperidol over a period of 6 months followed by a 4-week drug withdrawal/placebo period. Haloperidol remained effective, and the discontinuous treatment schedule did not diminish its efficacy. Children with prominent symptoms of irritability, angry and labile affect, and uncooperativeness were the best responders to haloperidol.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Tourette-like symptoms associated with neuroleptic therapy in an autistic child.

A 5 1/2-year-old autistic boy developed a Tourette-like syndrome after neuroleptic withdrawal. The child was studied prospectively and any abnormal movements were compared with predrug baseline assessment and information. Differential diagnosis and some of the difficulties in evaluating neuroleptic related abnormal movements are discussed. The need for a baseline assessment of patients before the administration of neuroleptics is stressed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Naltrexone in autistic children: an acute open dose range tolerance trial.

The safety and efficacy of naltrexone was explored in an open acute dose range tolerance trial in 10 hospitalized autistic children, ages 3.42 to 6.50 years (mean, 5.04). Naltrexone was given in ascending doses: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg/day. Behavioral side effects were observed as early as 1/2 hour after dosing. Ratings on the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale showed that withdrawal was reduced across all three dose levels; administration of 0.5 mg/kg/day dose resulted in increased verbal production; and the 2.0 mg/kg/day dose resulted in reduction of sterotypies. Mild sedation of brief duration was the only side effect. Electrocardiogram, liver function tests, and all other laboratory studies remained unchanged throughout the study. These preliminary findings require replication in a larger sample of patients under double-blind and placebo controlled condition.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Differentiation of stereotypies from neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children.

Videotapes of autistic children with stereotypies and/or neuroleptic-related dyskinesias were shown to three experienced raters blind to the children's medication treatment status and history, if any, of neuroleptic exposure. Upon observation of the videotapes, stereotypies and neuroleptic-related dyskinesias were not well differentiated from each other. These results emphasize the importance of assessing and documenting baseline abnormal movements before patients receive neuroleptic therapy. Meticulous baseline evaluation, integral to all patient care, is of particular concern in treating patient populations that often show abnormal movements unrelated to neuroleptic exposure. Such movements can be mistaken clinically for neuroleptic-related dyskinesias and, in the absence of baseline data for comparison, can be misdiagnosed as such.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Cross-activation of the Rex proteins of HTLV-I and BLV and of the Rev protein of HIV-1 and nonreciprocal interactions with their RNA responsive elements.

The Rex regulatory proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and the Rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), promote the cytoplasmic accumulation and translation of viral messenger mRNAs encoding structural proteins. Rev and Rex act through cis-acting elements on the viral RNA; these elements are named Rev- and Rex-responsive elements, or RRE and RXRE, respectively. We show that the Rex proteins of HTLV-I and BLV are interchangeable, but only the Rex protein of HTLV-I can substitute for Rev of HIV-1. Rex of HTLV-I and Rev of HIV-1 appear to act on RRE by similar mechanisms. Rev of HIV-1 does not act on the RXRE of HTLV-I or BLV. The nonreciprocal action of Rev and Rex suggests that these factors interact directly with the cis-acting RNA elements of the two viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral assessment of psychopathology in children: infantile autism.

The utility of a subtest of 14 items from the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) for evaluating psychopathology in autistic children was examined. A series of 180 autistic children, who satisfied the DSM-III criteria for Infantile Autism, Full Syndrome Present, were rated on the CPRS. A series of children with conduct disorder diagnoses were added to provide a contrast group for investigating specificity of behavioral manifestations with regard to autism. Multivariate analysis was used to elucidate major behavioral dimensions, to identify distinct subtypes, and to evaluate discriminant validity of the CPRS behavioral ratings.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1988

Retinoblastoma cells in tissue culture.

This review summarizes and discusses research on retinoblastoma (Rb) cells in tissue culture. Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor of early childhood which is believed to originate from the primitive multipotential neuroectoderm of the optic cup region. The application of tissue culture techniques to the study of Rb cells permits detailed studies of the biology of this tumor. Classic studies have primarily focussed on growth and metastatic potential of Rb cells. Y-79 Rb cells, for example, have a short doubling time in vitro as well as aggressively growing in the anterior chambers of athymic 'nude' mice. Such active growth may result from secretion of a Retinoblastoma Derived Growth Factor (RDGF) by the cells. Several natural agents have now been shown to halt Rb cell growth in vitro. Among these are the fatty acid, butyrate, and two retinoids: retinol and retinoic acid. Interestingly, the retinoids have different mechanisms of action. Cultured Y-79 and WERI cells appear to be multipotential in that they exhibit both neuronal- and glial-like characteristics. Natural agents such as cyclic AMP and butyrate can induce the cells to differentiate along either neuronal or glial cell lines as assessed morphologically and immunocytochemically. Of interest is that combination of agents such as butyrate and laminin, an extracellular attachment protein, yield totally different morphologies, in this case, pigment epithelial in nature. Tissue culture studies thus not only show the primitive, multipotential nature of the Rb cells but their great plasticity as well. Such studies are also useful in elucidating the multiple factors (e.g., substrata and soluble agents) which code for normal retinal development from embryo to adult.

Culture Techniques↗