Which rubella screening test?
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Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests↗
Biomedical subjects
M C Croxson
Publications and source records attributed to M C Croxson.
Extraction of rotavirus from human feces by treatment with lithium dodecyl sulfate.
A procedure has been developed for the isolation of rotavirus from human fecal specimens based on the resistance of the virus to treatment with cold 1% lithium dodecyl sulfate at neutral pH. A single detergent treatment of fecal material followed by low- and high-speed centrifugations yielded a virus suspension of sufficient purity for viral ribonucleic acid to be analyzed directly by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels.
Detergents↗
Two strains of human rotavirus in Auckland.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human rotavirus RNA has identified at least two distinct strains of virus currently circulating in Auckland. The sensitivity of the method both for detecting rotavirus infection and for identifying variation in rotavirus strains is discussed.
Diarrhea↗
Herpes-simplex-virus infection after renal transplantation.
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Adult↗
Three cases of myocarditis in childhood associated with human parvovirus (B19 virus).
We report three childhood cases of myocarditis associated with human parvovirus (B19 virus). All three children presented with significant cardiac decompensation, with one requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Left ventricular function was severely impaired in all three. Myocardial biopsy confirmed histological myocarditis and was positive for B19 virus by nested polymerase chain reaction. Serum was positive for IgG B19 virus but negative for IgM in all three cases. All three children were treated with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and immunosuppression. Prednisone and cyclosporin were continued until there was echocardiographic and histological improvement. All made a full clinical and echocardiographic recovery.
Child↗
Identification of pig circovirus type 2 in New Zealand pigs.
Interest in porcine circovirus has been stimulated by the recent emergence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs and the potential use of pig organs for xenotransplantation in humans. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is considered to be widespread in pigs but nonpathogenic. Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a similar virus but has been differentiated only recently as a separate type. High tissue concentrations of PCV2 are associated with lesions in PMWS cases, but the etiological role of this agent in the disease remains unclear. The presence of PCV1 in New Zealand pigs has been previously reported based on serological data. PMWS has been recently recorded in New Zealand pigs. The epidemiology of PCV2 in New Zealand pigs has not been examined. The purpose of the study was to look for evidence of circoviruses in New Zealand pig herds. Pig circovirus DNA was sought in various tissues using the polymerase chain reaction. Circovirus type 2 was found in New Zealand pig herds, without any evidence that PMWS has ever occurred in these herds. Newborn piglets were shown to have infection, suggesting vertical transmission of the virus.
Aging↗
No evidence of infection with porcine endogenous retrovirus in recipients of encapsulated porcine islet xenografts.
Transplantation of pig tissues into humans has the potential for cotransferring pig infections. Knowledge of the epidemiology of pig infections transmissible to humans allows the development of risk limitation strategies at the source herd level, but potentially infectious pig endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is ubiquitous in all domestic pigs and therefore is not avoidable. Using a specific and sensitive RT-PCR and nested PCR for PERV nucleic acids with primers, the screening of pigs from New Zealand herds for the presence and expression of the PERV was conducted. The presence of PERV proviral DNA (pol and env region) and viral RNA was demonstrated in all tested pig tissues including pancreas, liver, spleen, brain, heart, and PBMC. Using the same assays it was established that different tissues (liver, spleen, and heart) of nude and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice previously transplanted with nonencapsulated pig islets were PERV DNA and RNA negative. Alginate polylysine capsules prepared with encapsulated pig islets were tested for possible leakage of viral particles or viral nucleic acids. RNA was extracted from the supernatant of viable encapsulated pig islet cells grown in culture for 2 months. No evidence of PERV RNA or of cellular nucleic acids could be found. Two adult type I diabetic subjects were transplanted with 1 x 10(6) neonatal pig islets encased in alginate capsules into the peritoneal cavity. One patient was immunosuppressed. Both showed evidence of graft function (up to 34% reduction in insulin dose, corresponding increase in serum pig C-peptide) for up to 2 years. DNA and RNA were extracted from PBMC and blood plasma of both patients at 19 months posttransplant. No evidence of PERV proviral DNA or RNA could be detected. Piglet islets contain PERV DNA and RNA, but this does not traverse the capsules used or produce any evidence of infection in nude and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice or humans.
Adult↗
Cytomegalovirus myocarditis in a heart transplant recipient: sensitive monitoring of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction.
A 54-year-old female heart transplant recipient had an acute episode of graft rejection that was treated with high-dose immunosuppression therapy. During this therapy a second febrile illness developed, which was accompanied by hypotension, anemia, and rash. Findings for subsequent myocardial biopsy specimens were negative for cytomegalovirus by culture but were strongly positive for cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction. Histologic observation of viral inclusions in the myocardial fibers supported the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus myocarditis. The polymerase chain reaction therefore can provide a rapid and highly sensitive method for heart transplant patients with suspected cytomegalovirus myocarditis.
Cytomegalovirus↗