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Biomedical subjects

M Berger

Publications and source records attributed to M Berger.

At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Human and porcine regular insulins are equally effective in subcutaneous replacement therapy. Results of a double-blind crossover study in type I diabetic patients with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

Semisynthetic human Actrapid insulin (HAI, Novo, Copenhagen) was tested against porcine Actrapid insulin (PAI, Novo, Copenhagen) in 12 type I diabetic patients treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). In a double-blind crossover trial each patient received both types of insulin over a 3-wk period, respectively. No significant differences between HAI and PAI were observed in the following parameters: mean blood glucose levels (MBG) of 3-6 measurements per day (129 +/- 5 versus 125 +/- 4 mg/dl, means +/- SEM), mean maximal excursions of blood glucose during the day (107 +/- 6.6 versus 107 +/- 6.9 mg/dl), total daily insulin requirements (sum of basal and premeal insulin doses, 45.7 +/- 1.4 versus 42.7 +/- 1.4 U/day), and a mean of weekly determined hemoglobin A1c values (7.77 +/- 0.13 versus 7.83 +/- 0.14% of total hemoglobin); the frequency of mild hypoglycemic episodes was similar with the two insulins. Thus, under the controlled conditions of CSII, semisynthetic human and porcine regular insulin preparations are of identical efficacy in type I diabetic patients at near normoglycemia.

Absorption↗
PubMed1982

Examination of newly synthesized 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas in preterminal leukemia L 5222 and in two transplanted neurogenic tumors.

The chemotherapeutic activities of 11 chloroethylnitrosoureas, among them 10 newly synthesized compounds, were investigated in rat leukemia L 5222 and in two neurogenic rat tumors. 1-(4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU, compound 1) and cyclophosphamide (12) served as reference substances. The newly synthesized compounds were 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-carboxyethyl)-urea (2-carboxyethyl-CNU, 2), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-4-methyl-4-formyl-semicarbazide (methyl-formyl-amino-CNU, 3), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylene-2-pyridyl)-urea(methylene-2-pyridyl- CNU, 4), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylene-2-pyridyl)-urea hydrochloride (methylene-2-pyridyl-CNU . HCl, 5) 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylene-4-pyridyl)-urea hydrochloride (methylene-4-pyridyl-CNU . HCl, 6), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(3-pyridino)-urea (pyridyl-3-CNU, 7), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(3-pyridyl)-urea hydrochloride (pyridyl-3-CNU . HCl, 8), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-[4(2,6-dimethyl-morpholino)]-urea (dimethyl-morpholino-CNU, 9), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosocarbamoyl-morpholine (chloroethyl-nitroso-carbamoyl-morpholine, 10), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-morpholine (chloroethyl-nitroso-carbamoyl-dimethylmorpholine, 11). Against both neurogenic tumors cyclophosphamide was distinctly superior to all nitrosoureas. In leukemia L 5222 all nitrosoureas except compounds 7, 8, 11 effected cures. Remarkable differences in toxicity could be observed between the nitroso compounds investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Physical training in insulin-resistant states.

It is the scope of this review to summarize animal experimentation carried out to investigate the effects of changes in habitual physical activity on glucose tolerance. Various studies in normal rats and in obese Zucker rats have demonstrated that physical training of mild intensity can partially revert or prevent the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle insulin insensitivity. The molecular basis for these phenomena remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, these observations strongly suggest the possibility to use physical exercise programmes in order to improve glucose tolerance in patients with maturity-onset type diabetes mellitus, especially if associated with obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Physical training as a part of the therapy for adult-onset diabetes.

Albeit physical exercise and training have been recommended as an integral part of diabetes therapy only limited data are available to prove such beneficial effects of physical exertion in normalizing the metabolism in diabetes. It is the purpose of this review to critically summarize studies concerning the effects of physical training in maturity-onset diabetes. Based upon available evidence in animal experimentation, i.e. in normal and fat ZUCKER rats, as well as on data in non-diabetic man, physical training is expected to increase peripheral insulin sensitivity; thus a decrease of insulin requirements might be achieved in the course of a physical training program. So far, however, the preliminary evidence of only two studies on the effect of training in maturity-onset diabetes has been presented: slight improvements of glucose tolerance and a considerable, but--at least in one study--short-lived decrease of circulating insulin levels have been described. These improvements have to be weighed against the possible hazards of physical training programs in maturity-onset diabetic patients who--as a group--have to be considered at high coronary risk. More and more detailed and prolonged studies, however, are urgently needed to document and to prove beyond any doubt the benefits of physical training in the metabolic syndrome of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Neuroendocrinological and neurophysiological studies in major depressive disorders: are there biological markers for the endogenous subtype?

The possibility of characterizing subgroups of depressive disorders by biological markers was studied by means of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), the 24-hr urinary free cortisol (UFC), the growth hormone response to the insulin tolerance test (ITT), and polygraphic sleep recordings. Forty-five hospitalized patients suffering from a moderate to severe nonpsychotic major depressive disorder were clinically subdivided into three groups: endogenous (n = 20), neurotic (n = 19), and "ambiguous" (n = 6). These clinical diagnoses were supplemented by operational diagnostic tools, namely, the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Newcastle Scale. The different diagnostic procedures exhibited a high degree of correspondence. Whereas the results of the ITT were normal in almost all patients, 20% of all patients were dexamethasone nonsuppressors and more than half of the patients showed a shortened REM latency. Both markers did not reveal any specificity for the endogenous subtype. A significant influence of weight loss on the DST and the excretion of UFC was evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Urinary kallikrein excretion in renal transplant patients.

Urinary kallikrein, as a reflection of the intrarenal kallikrein, is distinct from plasma kallikrein. The kallikrein-kinin system, activated via antigen-antibody complexes, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute transplant rejection. We studied urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, protein, and kallikrein following renal transplantation in nine patients, In four patients who took steroids daily and were followed from the time of transplantation (without rejection episodes), urinary kallikrein remained stable (3.7 +/- 0.5 EU/24 hr, x +/- SEM). Since sodium-retaining steroids influence urinary kallikrein excretion, two patients were studied 2 and 3 months post-transplantation while receiving alternate-day prednisone. Values from urinary kallikrein in these patients did not differ from those in patients taking steroids daily (3.7 +/- 0.5 versus 2.7 +/- 0.3 EU/24 hr). In three patients experiencing acute rejection episodes, urinary kallikrein excretion rose markedly (24 to 260 EU/24 hr) and remained elevated until the patients became oliguric. Furthermore, this rise occurred 1-3 days before the clinical diagnosis of rejection was made. For the group as a whole there was no significant correlation between urinary kallikrein excretion, the excretion of sodium or potassium, or urine volume. Although the number of patients studied is small, the increases observed in urinary kallikrein suggest that activation of the intrarenal kallikrein-kinin system is associated with acute transplant rejection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Chemotherapeutic activity of 2-chloroethylnitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of amino acids in a transplanted rat leukemia (L 5222).

The therapeutic activity of a single-dose treatment with 14 2-chloroethylnitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of amino acids (CNU-analogs) in L 5222 rat leukemia is presented. Compounds under study included free carboxylic acids, a methylester, a toluidide, four glucosamides and one derivative of a dipeptide. All substances proved to be active effecting at least an increase in life span of greater than or equal to 120% compared with untreated controls at the optimal dose; 2 compounds effected isolated cures (90-day survivors). Compared with previous data obtained with established and new nitrosoureas under the same conditions, the effectivity of the compounds presented here should be classified, however, only as moderate.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

Kainic acid-induced changes of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the striatum and substantia nigra of the rat.

Levels of the putative neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) and their respective metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was determined in the rat striatum after unilateral intrastriatal injection of the convulsive neurotoxin kainic acid. Two days after intrastriatal kainic acid injection, levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5-HIAA were increased by abut 200% in the injected striatum and by about 150% in the contralateral striatum. An elevated striatal 5-HIAA content was still detectable 10 days after the kainate lesion, but approached normal values 10 weeks after the injection of the neurotoxin. Two days after the lesion, but not at the other time intervals, a moderate increase of 5-HIAA also occurred bilaterally in other brain areas such as the substantia nigra, frontal cortex and hypothalamus. Levels of 5-HT were decreased significantly in the injected striatum 2 days after the intrastriatal application of kainic acid and increased by about 40% after 10 weeks. The 5-HT concentration in the contralateral striatum or in the three other brain areas examined was unchanged at all time intervals. Levels of the DA metabolite DOPAC and DA turnover were increased in the lesioned striatum 2 days after kainic acid injection; concomitantly the DOPAC level was increased in the substantia nigra of the contralateral side. DOPAC levels of the contralateral striatum were unchanged or slightly reduced 2 days after the injection. Ten days as well as 10 weeks after the lesion there was a slightly increased DOPAC concentration in both striata. The levels of DA were not altered at any time interval after the injection of kainic acid.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗