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Biomedical subjects

M B Patterson

Publications and source records attributed to M B Patterson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Assessment of functional ability in Alzheimer disease: a review and a preliminary report on the Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living.

Assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) in Alzheimer disease (AD) is critical in establishing the diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, evaluating the efficacy of treatment interventions, and determining the need for health and social services. The proper method to measure ADL depends on the purposes to which the scale is to be put. Existing ADL scales differ as to the type of behaviors assessed, the nature of the observations made, and the manner in which the observations are quantified. These scales were not specifically designed to evaluate changes in the nature and extent of the broad spectrum of functional difficulties seen in individuals with AD. We describe the Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living (CSADL), an informant-based instrument designed to expand upon the capacity of existing physical and instrumental ADL scales by assessing both premorbid and current component acts (e.g., initiation versus implementation) of daily living functions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Severe illness in older patients: the association between depressive disorders and functional dependency during the recovery phase.

An association between depression and physical dependency arising from a recent illness has been generally accepted. To clarify this relationship over time, 30 medical rehabilitation patients aged 54 to 94 years were assessed 1 week after admission and at discharge to quantify symptoms of depression, physical dependency, and cognitive functioning using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Barthel Index for physical function, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Significant depressive symptomatology was found by HAM-D in 25 patients on admission and 14 on discharge. No significant associations were present between either admission or discharge depression scores and all other variables. The HAM-D change score was significantly correlated with the Barthel change score (r = 0.57, P less than 0.001) and with the MMSE change score (r = 0.48, P = 0.01). All patients whose mood improved also improved in physical functioning, whereas 75% of those whose mood did not improve failed to make headway in physical functioning. This implies that it is not the degree of physical incapacity but rather the failure to regain prior abilities which is strongly associated with persisting depression following a catastrophic illness. Furthermore, characteristics found commonly in the group whose mood did not improve included physicians' failure to diagnose and treat depression or a setback from a significant medical or surgical complication.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

A statistical evaluation of the literature regarding the associations among alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality disorder.

Prior literature suggested an association among alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality disorder. A meta-analysis of inferential studies bearing on these associations was performed on 40 studies. Results demonstrated that each diagnosis in the triad had a significant positive association with each of the other two. Possible common etiologies of the diagnoses were discussed. Presence of one of the three diagnoses suggests that consideration of the other two is advisable. Finally, interrelationships among the diagnoses may explain treatment results common to several of the diagnoses.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1985

Multiple sclerosis: understanding the psychologic implications.

To effectively care for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) the practitioner must be able to understand the common psychologic sequellae. These include not only those engendered by the patient's reaction to the disease, but also those reflecting alterations in central nervous system function. Although research literature on MS has many pitfalls and the quality of the results is thus uneven, important psychologic aspects of MS that have been consistently reported are depression and anxiety, euphoria, often in association with some degree of dementia, denial of illness or of impairments, irritability and apathy, coexisting psychiatric disorders, and cognitive impairment, particularly involving sensorimotor function, primary memory, and conceptual ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Neuropsychological analysis of a case of reduplicative paramnesia.

Following a right cerebral hemispheric CVA, a patient showed extensive reduplication of place (his hospital) and occasional reduplication of person. His language was essentially intact, but he was deficient on tests of conceptualization and on nonverbal tasks, both visual and auditory. Short- and long-term memory for nonverbal but not verbal material were also impaired. However, he had sufficient "memory" for the reduplicated hospitals to comment that they were spatially identical. He simply seemed unable to treat these memories as representing the same phenomena. Neuropsychological analysis suggest that reduplicative paramnesia represents a combination of perceptual and memory deficits as well as impaired ability to integrate information.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Psychomotor decline can be described by discontinuities in response trajectories.

Force exerted in the isometric button-press response in a choice reaction time experiment was measured in order to study discontinuities in the response trajectory. Groups of young and elderly subjects were compared on performance with four choice reaction time tasks of varying difficulty. An additional comparison (with one task only) was made with a group of brain-damaged subjects. Velocity changes within the response trajectory were used to locate its discontinuities. The principal finding was that response discontinuities were least frequent in young subjects, intermediate in elderly, and most frequent in brain-damaged. Also, in the comparison of young and elderly across four stimulus conditions, the number of discontinuities was greater with more difficult than with easier tasks. Psychomotor decline was interpreted as an increase in the number of response discontinuities.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Informed consent as a source of bias in clinical research.

Clinical observation suggested that schizophrenic patients more often refused to participate in experiments. In two studies psychiatric patient volunteers and nonvolunteers were compared on discharge diagnoses (psychiatric and medical), medication given, demographic measures, and hospitalization characteristics. In each study, patients with paranoid schizophrenia were more likely to refuse participation. Also, in each study, volunteers received more benzodiazepines and more nonpsychiatric medication. The latter difference could not be explained on the bases of rated severity of or probability of drug use in diagnosed medical illnesses, or number of medical illnesses. Characteristics of schizophrenic patients such as suspiciousness, negativism, and ambivalence were suggested as possible sources of their refusal to participate. Nonvolunteers were suggested to be less agreeable and compliant in general, and perhaps less likable, possibly explaining their receiving fewer benzodiazepines and nonpsychiatric medications. Attempts to characterize and correct the volunteer bias should be made, including offering tangible reward.

Benzodiazepines↗
PubMed1984

Factor analysis of choice reaction time in young and elderly subjects.

To increase the utility of reaction time in applied research, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of the button-press response in four two-choice reaction-time tasks. 11 dependent variables were derived from the performance of two groups of normal young and elderly subjects. Factor analysis yielded five factors: baseline, premotor, motor, force, and release. The factors derived from each single stimulus condition were differentially sensitive in separating the two groups. Young and elderly subjects were most consistently differentiated by a release factor in each of the four stimulus conditions. This factor was interpreted as being relatively free of cognitive components and presumed to incorporate high psychomotor organization. The least efficient in differentiation was the baseline factor; it separated the young and elderly subjects in only one stimulus condition. Four factors from the test with visual-verbal stimuli separated the two age groups statistically, while only two factors did so in the test with auditory-verbal stimuli. The differences between stimulus conditions were interpreted as evidence of microbehavioral adjustments in response-performance dynamics and varying strategies used in handling the task demands.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Determination of steroid hormones in a human-serum reference material by isotope dilution--mass spectrometry: a candidate definitive method for cortisol.

We report a method, based on isotope dilution--mass spectrometry, for determining cortisol in a pooled specimen of human serum. Isotopically labeled cortisol is added to 5.0 mL of serum so that the molar concentrations of labeled cortisol and unlabeled cortisol are approximately equal. The specimen and two calibration standards are extracted with dichloromethane, and the extracted cortisol is converted to the methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivative. Samples and standards are analyzed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry by monitoring the peak areas for m/z 605 and 608. The cortisol concentration is calculated by linear interpolation between the two bracketing standards. Variances of data collected during six weeks showed that the overall coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.69% (n = 32); the within-vial CV, 0.63%; the among-vial CV, 0.22%; and the among-day CV, 0.15% (means = 3.973 nmol/vial). Method specificity was demonstrated by liquid chromatographic as well as C8 mini-column cleanup of samples before derivation, by alternative ion monitoring at m/z 636 and 639, and by negative-ion chemical ionization at m/z 459 and 462. Derivatives of all observed degradation products of cortisol under basic, neutral, and acidic conditions did not interfere.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1983

Microbehavioural analysis of the choice reaction time response in senile dementia.

Microbehavioural analysis of the human button-press response in a choice reaction time task enabled us to observe the traditional components of reaction time performance and also several additional indicators of psychomotor organization. The principal finding reported here is that in normal subjects stimulus conditions of varying difficulty differentially affect segments of the button-press response not ordinarily associated with cognitive demands of the task. This observation suggested the presence of a certain interaction between cognitive demands of the task and the subsequent motor output control. In a comparison of normal elderly and demented subjects, we demonstrated that the slower reaction times of the demented represent a virtual psychomotor disintegration. The apparent disintegration is interpreted as an inability of demented subjects properly to prepare, organize, and execute the response. The degree of disintegration is most evident during the motor time, which represents a transition between resting state and actual response completion.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

EEG activity in the 13-15 Hz band correlates with intelligence in healthy elderly women.

Thirty-five elderly women in excellent health received a neuropsychological battery and resting electroencephalograms (EEGs) from bilateral parietal scalp electrodes. Spectral density analysis of the EEGs was designed to evaluate two levels each of slow activity (delta, 0.2-3.8 Hz and theta, 4.0-7.8 Hz), alpha activity (slow alpha, 7.0-9.8 Hz and fast alpha, 10.0-12.8 Hz) and fast activity (sigma, 13.2-14.8 Hz and beta, 15.0-20.0 Hz). There was no relationship between alpha slowing and cognitive impairment. However, significant correlations emerged between sigma activity and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Scores. This association was strongest between right parietal sigma activity and WAIS Performance Scale weighted scores.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of behavioral and affective symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.

Noncognitive behavioral symptoms occurring during the prior week were studied in 34 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 21 spousal control subjects via caregiver and patient interviews using the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Delusional or paranoid features were reported in 13 subjects (38%) and hallucinations in six (18%); patients with these psychoticlike symptoms had lower scores on the Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination. Other behavioral symptoms reported in AD patients included anxiety (50%) and activity disturbances (44%). Six AD subjects (18%) and two controls (10%) showed mild to moderate symptoms of depression; AD subjects were more likely than controls to show behavioral signs and symptoms of depression, but the two groups did not differ in terms of mood-related, cyclical, or physical signs and symptoms.

Aged↗