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Biomedical subjects

M Apfelbaum

Publications and source records attributed to M Apfelbaum.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Energy expenditure economy induced by decrease in lean body mass in anorexia nervosa.

In anorexia nervosa, the low energy input associated with the classic overactivity during the malnourished state needs a sparing of energy expended at rest and also during physical activity. Therefore, we measured energy expenditure, both at rest and during moderate bicycling exercise (30W, 6 min), in 11 adult anorectic patients (weight 35.15 +/- 4.30 kg, mean +/- s.d.) at the beginning of their treatment and again after a mean weight gain of about 8.4 kg. During the malnourished state, the resting energy expenditure (REE) was lower than that predicted according to Harris and Benedict (P less than 0.001). Although it was significantly increased after weight gain (P less than 0.05), the REE per kg of lean body mass remained unchanged after repletion. The total oxygen consumption related to exercise remained unchanged after refeeding (2114 +/- 487 ml/15 min, basal vs 2168 +/- 394 ml/15 min, repletion) (n.s.). Thus in anorexia nervosa, weight loss and malnutrition did not induce economy either in energy expended at rest per unit of lean body mass nor in the energy expended in moderate cycling activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program.

The effects of renutrition on gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated in 14 anorexia nervosa patients before and after weight gain. A double-isotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying of both the solid and the liquid phases of the meal. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms were frequent before renutrition, occurring in 78% of the patients. Among these symptoms, nausea, vomiting and gastric fullness were correlated well with slowing in gastric emptying of both solid and liquid phases of the meal, which was demonstrated, respectively, in 10 (71%) and nine (64%) of the 14 patients. For the 11 patients who subsequently gained body weight, we observed, without any pharmacological treatment, an improvement of gastric emptying of both solid and liquid phases of the meal in eight (73%) and seven (64%) patients, respectively. Gastric emptying was unchanged in the three other patients who gained very little weight during the time of the study. As gastric emptying improved, so did nausea, vomiting, and gastric fullness. In three patients who had initially gained weight, nausea and gastric fullness recurred, associated again in all cases with a delay in gastric emptying. In conclusion, in anorexia nervosa, delayed gastric emptying, which is a frequent feature and which is well correlated with some of the upper digestive complaints, can return to normal without any pharmacological treatment. In this improvement, psychological assistance may play a role, together with the correction of the malnutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Low high density lipoprotein-2 concentrations in obese male subjects.

In this study we have compared the lipoprotein patterns, in particular HDL subfractions, of 34 obese men to those of 34 normoponderal normolipemic men, matched for age and use of tobacco. Obesity was associated with increased VLDL concentrations in only half the subjects. HDL concentrations in all obese subjects were lower than in matched controls. The decrease was most marked in the HDL2 subfraction in which cholesterol and protein contents were decreased by 50%; it was independent of triglyceride levels and not related to the severity of overweight. Moreover, while HDL2 was negatively correlated with BMI (P less than 0.01) when both populations were considered together, the correlation disappeared when calculated separately within each population, suggesting a threshold effect. The low levels of HDL2 might result from discretely altered lipolysis, not sufficient to cause an elevation in fasting triglyceridemia. In this case, HDL2 should prove to be a sensitive index of lipolytic efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Association of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele with hypertriglyceridemia in obesity.

Hypertriglyceridemia is the most frequent lipid abnormality associated with obesity. Genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been demonstrated to influence lipid levels. We wanted to assess the role of apoE alleles in the hypertriglyceridemias of the obese population. The apoE phenotypes and lipid status were investigated in a population of 172 obese French subjects. The frequencies of phenotypes E4/3, E4/4 and E4/2 were 29.7%, 8.1% and 2.1%, respectively, in a subgroup with triglycerides greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl (n = 37) versus 14.2%, 2.7% and 0.9% in the normolipidemic subgroup (p less than 0.005). The odds ratio of hypertriglyceridemia was 3.15 for obese subjects with epsilon 4; 27.7% of hypertriglyceridemias could be attributed to epsilon 4 allele. It is concluded that the genetic polymorphism of apoE modulates the effects of obesity on lipids and lipoproteins and that allele epsilon 4 increases the risk of obesity-induced hypertriglyceridemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Feeding behavior disorders in man].

Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is easily made using symptom lists. It is mandatory to check that the weight loss is due to no somatic cause. The prevalence of bulimia and syndromes associating bulimia and anorexia is increasing considerably. In these latter syndromes, while not in typical anorexia, major affective disorders are often found. Endocrinological abnormalities are numerous. However the part of denutrition itself in these abnormalities is not clear. Pathogenesis of these eating disorders remains mysterious. But most probably, the endogenous opioid system is involved, at least in their perpetuation.

Anorexia↗
PubMed1988

Permanent administration of d-fenfluramine in rats: paradoxical effects.

In order to test the hypothesis of Levitzky that d-fenfluramine (d-F) acts by modifying the ponderal set-point, we compared the effects of a permanent infusion of d-F on food intake and body weight (BW). The effect on the weight persisted as long as the infusion; the clear-cut anorectic effect lasted only a few days. This paradox is compatible with the set-point hypothesis. In rats rendered overweight by insulin treatment, the d-F-induced decrease in BW was approximately four times smaller than in controls. In rats rendered overweight by a cafeteria diet, the decrease in BW was twice as large in permanently cafeteria fed rats as in cafeteria, then, ad lib fed rats. In rats rendered underweight by a restricted chow diet and then returned to an ad lib feeding, the final BW depended only on the doses of d-F (0.6 or 12 mg/kg BW/day), whatever the weight at the beginning of infusion. Thus, the underweight paradigm fits well with the set-point hypothesis; the overweight paradigm fits only partially.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of a new anorectic drug (PM 170) on development of gold thioglucose-induced obesity in mice.

Gold thioglucose (GTG)-injected mice and lean mice were treated for 16 days with PM 170. The body weight and body fat were significantly increased by GTG injection and these increases in the GTG-obese group were reduced by PM 170. PM 170 also reduced food intake (16%), total body triacylglycerol (51%) and total body cholesterol (36%). Basal lipolysis of white adipose tissue, as measured by glycerol release, was stimulated by 150%. Compared to GTG-PM 170 mice, body weight gain was 2 times higher in GTG-pair-fed mice. Body fat and total body lipid content remained elevated.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

The effects of a constant T3 level and thermoneutrality in diet-induced hyperphagia.

Rats were thyroidectomized, then fitted with a miniosmotic pump infusing T3, thereby assuring a constant circulating level of T3. After a ten-day recovery period, they were submitted either to a chow or to a cafeteria diet. Body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure were recorded during a thirty day period. Thyroidectomized T3 supplemented rats did not exhibit hyperphagia when fed a cafeteria diet. Despite this puzzling normophagia, they still chose nutrients in a distribution similar to that of other cafeteria-fed rats and, though maintaining the same weight as chow-fed rats, increased their proportion of fatty weight compared to these rats. The relationship between energy expenditure, T3 concentration, and cafeteria diet are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Effects of a moderate dietary fibre supplement on hunger rating, energy input and faecal energy output in young, healthy volunteers. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial.

The effects of moderate dietary-fibre supplementation on satiety, energy intake and faecal energy excretion were studied in 20 young healthy volunteers of normal body weight, mean body mass index 20.9, receiving a dietary fibre supplement of 7.3 g per day in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Hunger feeling, energy intake, and defaecation pattern, were recorded daily during a 2-week control period and then, during two 4-week treatment periods. Furthermore, faecal energy output was determined during the last week of each treatment period. The fibre treatment, as compared to placebo, resulted in a significantly higher faecal energy excretion: 173 kcal/d (163-183 kcal/d) vs 153 kcal/d (135-171 kcal/d), respectively (P less than 0.05); a decrease in hunger rating (using a visual analogue scale) (P less than 0.05); an increase in number of bowel movements (P less than 0.05), and a softer consistency of the stools (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean energy intake between the two treatment periods. This study demonstrated that moderate dietary fibre supplementation in normal man increases faecal energy excretion with simultaneously decreased hunger feeling. These beneficial effects may have therapeutic value in the management of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Decreased insulin binding to adipocytes precedes both hyperinsulinemia and decreased insulin binding to erythrocytes in cafeteria-fed rats.

The relationship between food intake, obesity, insulin binding to adipocytes and erythrocytes, plasma insulin and plasma glucose was studied in an animal model of nutritional obesity--'the cafeteria-fed rats'--after 3 days, 10 days, and 3 weeks of cafeteria feeding. The antilipolytic effect of insulin was also studied. The cafeteria-fed rats ate more carbohydrates after 3 days of diet, while from the 10th day, as previously found, they ate about the same amount of carbohydrates but more lipids and increased in weight. Insulin binding to adipocytes started to decrease (P less than 0.05) 10 days after beginning the cafeteria diet despite the absence of hyperinsulinemia. This decrease in insulin binding to adipocytes was accompanied by a decrease in the responsiveness of adipocytes to the antilipolytic effect of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia (P less than 0.01) appeared only after 3 weeks. At the same time, insulin binding to erythrocytes started also to decrease (P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose levels in the cafeteria-fed rats were unchanged when compared to their controls at any time of the study. There was no correlation between body weight, plasma insulin and insulin binding, to adipocytes and to erythrocytes, at any time of the study. Thus it is possible that factors other than hyperinsulinemia could be involved in the decrease in insulin binding to both adipocytes and erythrocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Time-course, magnitude and nature of the changes induced in HDL by moderate alcohol intake in young non-drinking males.

The effects of moderate alcohol intake on the lipoprotein profile were evaluated in 10 normolipemic abstinent male subjects aged 18-21 years. The experimental period lasted 4 weeks during which 30 g of alcohol were ingested daily as red table wine. It was preceded and followed by 3 weeks of total abstinence. Lipoproteins were analyzed by gradient ultracentrifugation at the end of each abstinence period and weekly during the experimental period, to follow the time-course of alteration. Total HDL were increased by 25% (range 14-72%) during the first 2 weeks of alcohol, lighter HDL3, but not HDL2, exhibiting a greater response than other classes. The effect of alcohol regressed with time and by the 4th week mean HDL levels were only 14% higher than prior to treatment. HDL levels returned to normal on weaning. The wide variations in individual responses were consistent over the experimental period and are suggestive of differences in individual susceptibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparative effects of several simple carbohydrates on erythrocyte insulin receptors in obese subjects.

The effects of simple carbohydrates on erythrocyte insulin receptors, plasma insulin and plasma glucose were studied during four hypocaloric, hyperproteic, diets. One diet contained no carbohydrate; the other three contained 36 g of either glucose, galactose or fructose. These diets were given for a 14-day period to groups of moderately obese subjects. The hypocaloric carbohydrate-free diet produced a decrease in plasma insulin and glucose concentrations concomitant with an increase in the number of insulin receptors. A similar increase in insulin receptor number was found when the diet was supplemented with glucose or galactose, but not with fructose. The presence of fructose in the diet prevented any increase in insulin receptor number.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1986

Effects of a chronic administration of two benzodiazepines on food intake in rats given a highly palatable diet.

Chronic administration of benzodiazepines is known to increase food intake in numerous species. But this effect has been studied only after a unique daily injection and over a short part of the 24 hr cycle. In the present study, during 28 days, drugs were administered to rats receiving ordinary chow or a highly palatable diet (cafeteria diet): diazepam (DZ) (2.5 mg/kg IP) twice a day, or brotizolam (BR) (1 mg/kg IP), a longer acting compound, once a day. In the chow fed rats, DZ and BR provoked a post injection hyperphagia throughout the study, followed by a compensatory hypophagia resulting in 24 hr food intakes not different from those of controls; conversely neither body weight nor weight of fat pads were increased. The cafeteria diet provoked hyperphagia and overweight. DZ did not induce any supplementary hyperphagia. BR provoked a post injection hyperphagia, also compensated in time, resulting again in 24 hr food intakes, body weight gains and weight of fat pads not increased compared to those of cafeteria controls. Thus in the rat, benzodiazepine treatment increases food intake, but only acutely, and does not provoke any trend toward obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

An opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduces preference for sucrose in humans.

Eight healthy nonobese volunteers were asked to rate, on a pleasure-displeasure scale, sucrose and salty solutions as well as alimentary and nonalimentary odors. Effects of intragastric glucose load (vs. water load) and naltrexone (vs. placebo) were tested. Naltrexone produces a significant decrease for sweetened solution on the pleasure scale, a shift even stronger than that of the glucose load itself. Such a decrease is also observed for alimentary odors but not for responses to nonalimentary stimuli. Thus the opioid system is involved in ingestive behavior in humans, and this action is perhaps specific.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Anti-obesity activity of 3-hydroxymethyl N-methyl piperidine 4-chlorophenoxyacetate hydrochloride in mice treated with gold thioglucose].

The 3-hydroxyméthyl N-méthyl piperidine 4-chlorophenoxyacetate, hydrochloride, A, a potent anorectic, reduces weight gain of gold thioglucose obese mice through a reduced body fat and a decrease in metabolic efficiency. Compound A has much less effect in the lean mice than in the obese models. In contrast with pair-fed obese or lean mice, the decreased food consumption cannot account for all the reduced weight gain of the obese controls. Basal lipolytic activity in parametrial adipose tissue is greater in obese mice treated with A then in controls. It seems that the stimulating effect of A on lipolysis could contribute to the weight reduction.

Adipose Tissue↗