[A case of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyp which caused ball valve syndrome].
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
M Aihara
Publications and source records attributed to M Aihara.
Effects of rebamipide on production of several cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Recently, the relative contributions of local T helper cell responses of the Th1-type and Th2-type to the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulcers associated with Helicobacter pylori infection have been examined. However, the results were controversial with respect to whether cellular immunity (Th1-type) or humoral immunity (Th2-type) responses predominate in H. pylori infection and with respect to how these responses may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the production of various cytokines induced by H. pylori or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was derived from H. pylori or Escherichia coli, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Live H. pylori induced production of many cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-8, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, whereas we could not detect IL-2 or IL-4. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of rebamipide on the production of several cytokines from PBMC induced by various stimuli. Rebamipide suppressed the production of IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta induced by H. pylori in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the production of IL-12 induced by H. pylori showed a tendency to increase as a result of treatment of the cells with rebamipide. These results suggested that rebamipide might be effective in regulating cytokine responses in the H. pylori-infected host and maintaining host immunity. Moreover, it might contribute positively to disease progression and bacterial eradication.
Alanine↗
Molecular analysis of suppression of interleukin-8 production by rebamipide in Helicobacter pylori-stimulated gastric cancer cell lines.
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) may play an important role in Helicobacter pylori infection-associated chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in human. We have recently reported that a gastric cancer cell line, MKN45, produced a massive amount of IL-8 upon coculture with live H. pylori. Moreover, H. pylori induced the activation of NF-kappaB as well as AP-1, leading to IL-8 gene transcription. In this study, we evaluated the effect of rebamipide, an antigastritis and antiulcer agent, on H. pylori-induced IL-8 production. Rebamipide inhibited the production of IL-8 in several gastric cancer cell lines infected with H. pylori. In addition, rebamipide suppressed H. pylori-induced IL-8 gene expression at the transcriptional level as revealed by northern blotting analysis and luciferase activity in cells that were transfected with a luciferase expression vector linked with a 5'-flanking region of the IL-8 gene (bp -133 to +44). Furthermore, rebamipide significantly suppressed the NF-kappaB activation by H. pylori infection. These results suggest that rebamipide may protect against the mucosal inflammation associated with H. pylori infection through inhibition of a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-8.
Alanine↗
Lipid mediators modulate NMDA receptor currents in a Xenopus oocyte expression system.
We determined the modulatory effects of various lipid mediators on mouse N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Arachidonic acid, but not oleic acid potentiated NMDA receptor activity. The epsilon1/zeta1 heterodimer of the NMDA receptor was more sensitive to arachidonic acid than was the epsilon2/zeta1 heterodimer. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) both activated the NMDA currents, and the effects were more evident in the epsilon2/zeta1 heterodimer than in epsilon1/zeta1. These activations were abolished by treatment with protein kinase inhibitors, suggesting a possible phosphorylation of the receptor. Thus, lipid mediators do have modulatory effects on NMDA receptor currents, the potentiating effects of which differ depending on subtype of the NMDA receptor.
Animals↗
Roles of C-terminal Src kinase in the initiation and the termination of the high affinity IgE receptor-mediated signaling.
As an attempt to analyze the roles of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI)-mediated signaling, we overexpressed Csk, a membrane-targeted form of Csk (mCsk), and a kinase-defective, membrane-targeted form of Csk (mCsk(-)) in rat basophil leukemia (RBL) 2H3 cells. Specific activity of Lyn at the basal state was decreased in Csk-expressing cells, and further decreased in mCsk-expressing cells. In mCsk(-)-expressing cells, basal specific activity of Lyn was increased, thereby indicating that mCsk(-) functioned as a dominant negative molecule. The onset of FcepsilonRI-mediated Lyn activation was delayed in Csk-expressing cells, and further delayed in mCsk-expressing cells. In mCsk(-)-expressing cells, Lyn activation was rapid and quite long lasting. These findings indicate (i) Csk negatively regulates rapid FcepsilonRI/Lyn coupling, and (ii) Csk activity is potentially required for its termination. The onsets of the series of events including tyrosyl phosphorylation of Syk, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and histamine release were all stepwisely delayed in Csk-expressing cells and in mCsk-expressing cells. The durations of Syk phosphorylation and MAP kinase activation also closely correlated with those of Lyn activation, but [Ca2+]i elevation and histamine release followed different temporal patterns: the delayed responses in Csk-expressing cells and in mCsk-expressing cells led to sustained [Ca2+]i oscillation and histamine release, while the prompt responses in parent cells and mCsk(-)-expressing cells rapidly subsided. These findings provide further evidence that the initiations of the FcepsilonRI-mediated signals are upstreamly regulated by Src family protein tyrosine kinases and revealed that their terminations are regulated by Lyn-dependent (Syk and MAP kinase) and -independent ([Ca2+]i elevation and histamine release) mechanisms.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Role of the C terminus in histamine H2 receptor signaling, desensitization, and agonist-induced internalization.
To evaluate the role of the histamine H2 receptor C terminus in signaling, desensitization, and agonist-induced internalization, canine H2 receptors with truncated C termini were generated. Wild-type (WT) and truncated receptors were tagged at their N termini with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope and expressed in COS7 cells. Most of the C-terminal intracellular tail could be truncated (51 of 70 residues, termed T308 mutant) without loss of functions: cAMP production, tiotidine binding, and plasma membrane targeting. In fact, the T308 mutant produced more cAMP than the WT when cell-surface expression per cell was equivalent. Pretreatment of cells with 10(-5) M histamine desensitized cAMP productions via WT and T308 receptors to similar extents. Incubation of cells expressing WT receptors with 10(-5) M histamine reduced cell-surface anti-HA antibody binding by approximately 30% (by 30 min, t1/2 approximately 15 min), but did not affect the Bmax of tiotidine in membrane fractions, which represents total receptor amounts, suggesting that WT receptors were internalized from the cell surface. In contrast, no internalization was observed with T308 receptors following histamine treatment. A mutant with a deletion of the 30 C-terminal amino acids, termed T329, was functional but was as potent as the WT in terms of cAMP production. Apart from being desensitized by histamine, the internalization of the receptor was indistinguishable from that of the WT. Internalization was observed in the T320 but not in T313 mutant, narrowing the region involved in internalization to that between Glu314 and Asn320 (ETSLRSN). Of these seven residues, either Thr315, Ser316, or both, were replaced with Ala. Thr315 and Ser316 are conserved among species. The mutation at Thr315 (but not that at Ser316) abolished internalization. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Thr315 is involved in agonist-induced internalization. Furthermore, the finding that T308 receptors were desensitized in the absence of internalization suggests that internalization and desensitization are meditated by independent mechanisms.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Suppressive effects of tranilast on the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX2) in interleukin-1beta-stimulated fibroblasts.
We investigated the effects of tranilast on inducible cyclooxygenase (COX2)-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and enzyme induction in interleukin-lbeta (IL-1beta)-stimulated cultured dermal fibroblasts. IL-1beta enhanced PGE2 production in cultured fibroblasts. Tranilast did not affect constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX1) or COX2 activity in non-stimulated or IL-lbeta-stimulated fibroblasts. However, the COX2 expression induced by IL-1beta was inhibited by tranilast. This result, that IL-1beta-induced COX2 expression was suppressed by tranilast, was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Thus, it is possible for tranilast to regulate PGE2 production by inhibiting COX2 induction.
Anti-Allergic Agents↗
Differential expression of somatostatin receptors in the rat eye: SSTR4 is intensely expressed in the iris/ciliary body.
Distribution of somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) was determined in the rat eye. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that SSTR4 and SSTR2 are major subtypes expressed predominantly in the iris/ciliary body and retina, respectively, and that SSTR1, SSTR3 and SSTR5 are minor subtypes expressed preferentially in the posterior eye segments including the retina. In situ hybridization showed predominant SSTR4 expression in the posterior iris epithelium and ciliary body, suggesting functional roles of somatostatin in the autonomic nervous system in the anterior segments of the eye. The differential expression of SSTR1-5 may be related to distinct roles of somatostatin in the physiology of different ocular tissues.
Animals↗
Localization of platelet-activating factor receptor in the rat brain.
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Animals↗
Effect of azelastine on PGE2 production in fibroblasts in normal skin. The possibility of inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase by azelastine.
The effects of azelastine on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were investigated by using cultured normal dermal fibroblasts obtained from the same traumatic region of 3 patients and the CRL-1475 cell line. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1) enhanced PGE2 production in cultured normal fibroblasts and CRL-1475 cells. 10(-6) M azelastine inhibited PGE2 production in these IL-1-stimulated fibroblasts. However, the drug did not influence spontaneous PGE2 production in cultured CRL-1475 fibroblasts not stimulated with IL-1 but slightly it increased in cultured normal dermal fibroblasts under the same conditions. These results suggest that azelastine either regulates synthesis of an inducible cyclooxygenose protein or inhibits PGE2 production as an inducible cyclooxygenase inhibitor.
Accidents↗
Effects of liposteroid on skin lesions in autoimmune MRLlpr/lpr mice.
Dexamethasone palmitate (D-PAL) incorporated into lipid microspheres (D-PAL emulsion) is taken up by the reticuloendothelial system and by some inflammatory cells. Therefore, it has a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than free corticosteroids in vivo. To study the effect of D-PAL emulsion on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we administered D-PAL emulsion to MRLlpr/lpr mice, an animal model for human SLE. The effect of D-PAL emulsion was compared with that of methylprednisolone (m-PSL), a water-soluble steroid. Percent survival was higher in the group treated with 0.25 mg of D-PAL emulsion intravenously once every 4 weeks than in those groups treated similarly with m-PSL or PBS control. Swelling of lymph nodes was frequent in the group treated with m-PSL or with PBS, while rarely observed in the group treated with D-PAL emulsion. Proteinuria was more frequent in the groups treated with m-PSL or PBS than in the group treated with D-PAL emulsion. Although the frequency of skin lesions was not different between these three groups, the control and m-PSL treated mice had severe skin lesions, such as hair loss of erythematous skin with scales and crusts at the nape, while D-PAL emulsion treated animals showed only facial alopecia without inflammatory skin changes. These data demonstrate that D-PAL emulsion was more effective than a corresponding dose of m-PSL on autoimmune prone mice. This suggests that intermittent administration of D-PAL emulsion may be effective in the treatment of human SLE.
Animals↗
Physiological roles of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the epigastric island flaps of rabbits.
Nitric oxide (NO), identified as the mediator of endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, is known to cause a number of inflammatory conditions, especially in ischemia/reperfusion injury. This experimental study, using a rabbit epigastric island flap, was designed to investigate whether skin flap ischemia followed by reperfusion-influenced serum NO and c-GMP concentrations in the flap. In addition, we also investigated the premedicated effects of the NO synthase inhibitor and heparin on serum NO and c-GMP concentrations in skin flap ischemia/reperfusion. Serum NO concentration after 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion significantly increased compared with that in nonischemic control and elevated flaps. On the contrary, serum NO concentration was suppressed in L-NAME or aminoguanidine pretreated animals with ischemic group. Administration of heparin increased the serum NO concentration in elevated flaps, but suppressed it in ischemic flaps followed by reperfusion. The changes in serum c-GMP and NO concentrations were related in all of the experimental groups. These results suggest that NO may be derived from vascular endothelial cells and dilate peripheral vessels in compensation for ischemia.
Animals↗
Pure red blood cell aplasia during azathioprine therapy associated with parvovirus B19 infection.
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Azathioprine↗
Epidemiological study on infectious diarrheal diseases in children in a coastal rural area of Kenya.
Diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. We have analyzed the causative agents of diarrhea in children under five years of age who resided in rural environments but attended a hospital in Malindi, a coastal town in Kenya. Bacterial diarrhea was found in 239 (27.7%) of 862 patients with diarrhea. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, including enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and enterohaemorrhagic strains, was isolated from 119 (13.8%) patients, followed by Salmonella spp. (63 cases, 7.3%) and Shigella spp. (56 cases, 6.5%). Intestinal parasites were found in 109 (12.6%) of the patients. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were found in 67 (7.8%) and 42 (4.9%) of the cases, respectively. Rotavirus was found in 69 (16.1%) of 428 cases, a part of the 862 cases. Significant differences in age distribution were seen in diarrheal cases due to Campylobacter spp., G. lamblia, and rotavirus. No significant seasonal incidence of specific pathogens was found, but the number of diarrheal patients was significantly correlated to rainfall. Drinking water was contaminated with bacteria at concentrations ranging from 10(3) to 10(6) CFU/ml in 98% of the households and by coliform bacteria at concentrations of 10(2) to 10(5) CFU/ml in 72% of the households. These results suggest that the main routes of infection may be contaminated drinking water and fecal-oral transmission of enteric pathogens. Consequently, we propose that the enhancement of hygienic practice through health education is a feasible control measure of diarrhea in the study area.
Age Distribution↗
Ictal EEG and single photon emission computed tomography in a patient with cortical dysplasia presenting with atonic seizures.
PURPOSE: Ictal studies of atonic seizures in children with epilepsy are rare. To clarify the neurophysiologic mechanism of such seizures, we describe a cluster of atonic seizures in a 6-year-old girl with cortical dysplasia. METHODS: Ictal activity was recorded as slow-wave bursts beginning over the right frontocentral regions, where the cortical dysplasia was detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and propagating to the left hemisphere. RESULTS: The polygraphic recording demonstrated that the atonia indicated by the sudden interruption of electromyogram (EMG) discharges corresponded to the bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave complexes. An ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study with 99mTc hexamethyl propylene amine oxime ([99mTc]HMPAO) simultaneously performed during EEG recording showed marked bilateral mesial frontal and right frontoparietal hyperperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the neurophysiological mechanism of the atonic seizures may be produced by a strong inhibition in the bilateral motor cortexes. Ictal SPECT is valuable in demonstrating the pathophysiology of both atonic seizures and secondary bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave complexes in the EEG.
Cerebral Cortex↗
[Rapid detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in feces by latex agglutination and immunochromatographic assay].
The rapid detection method of Escherichia coli O157 in feces by using the latex agglutination test kit (Prolex; Pro Lab Diagnostics) and the immunochromatic assay kit (NOW EH. E. coli; Binax) was studied. 176 fecal samples obtained from 154 healthy men and 22 patients who had diarrhea by E. coli O157 were examined. Tellurite cefixim sorbitol MacConkey (TC-SMAC), Prolex and NOW were used for studies and also these were done after the enriched culture by tellurite cefixime vancomycin toriptic soy broth (TCV-TSB). In the direct inoculation, 5 (23%) of 22 samples, 7 (32%) and 9 (41%), and after the enriched culture, 7 (32%), 10 (46%) and 11 (50%) were positive by culture, Prolex and NOW, respectively. On the other hand, 154 samples from healthy men were all negative in the direct inoculation, but in the enriched culture, 7 of 40 (18%) were positive by NOW. These samples were negative by boiled (100 degrees C, 15 minutes). Our results indicated that Prolex and NOW were useful for accurate and rapid diagnosis of E. coli O157 enteritis, and more sensitivity results were obtained with the enrichment broth.
Chromatography↗
[Rapid detection of Shiga-like toxin gene in feces with rapid-cycle polymerase chain reaction].
A rapid detection for Shiga-like toxin in feces was developed with the nucleic acid extraction method by silicondioxide-guanidine thiothianate and rapid-cycle polymerase chain reaction by RapidCycler (model 1002; Idaho Technology, RC-PCR here after). Twenty-two fecal samples that were collected from patients with diarrhoea caused by E. coli O157:H7 and frozen for 6 months were examined directly by RC-PCR, conventional PCR assay using by ThermalCycler 9600-R (Roche, TC-PCR here after) and by the culture method using tellurite-cefixime sorbitol MacConkey (direct method). These examinations were done also after being injected into TCV-TSB and incutated at 35 degrees C overnight (indirect method). The sensitivity of RC-PCR and TC-PCR using a diluted suspension of broth enriched at 35 degrees C overnight were 4.1 pg and 410 fg, respectively. Positive results in the direct method were obtained in 7 for RC-PCR, 10 for TC-PCR and 5 for culture. Positive results on indirect assay were obtained in 9 for RC-PCR, 9 for TC-PCR and 7 for culture. It was demonstrated that the RC-PCR assay was able to detect Shiga-like toxin gene in feces in less than 90 minutes after being received at the laboratory.
Bacterial Toxins↗
[Significance of Aspergillus fumigatus rDNA detected by polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis].
We have studied the clinical significance of Aspergillus fumigatus rDNA detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosing aspergillosis. For this purpose, a specific and sensitive PCR assay was developed to amplify the 26S rDNA/intergenic spacer region of A. fumigatus. Control experiments showed that the set of primers used was capable of amplifying A. fumigatus DNA specifically and that the DNA amount of detection limit was 1 pg. Eighteen samples from 13 patients with aspergillosis and 36 samples from 24 patients without aspergillosis were tested by means of PCR, culture, latex agglutination test for galactomannan antigen and double gel diffusion assay for precipitation of antibodies to A. fumigatus. PCR showed positive test in 8 among 13 patients with pulmonary aspergillosis. On the other hand, culture of samples detected A. fumigatus in 6 patients. Galactomannan antigen and antibodies specific to A. fumigatus were positive in 2 and 6 patients respectively. These results indicated that PCR is the most sensitive among these 4 methods. Five patients showed negative PCR test despite of having pulmonary aspergillosis. Two of these patients were proved to have aspergillosis caused by A. flavus and A. niger. On the other hand, galactomannan antigen and A. fumigatus antibody were positive in one and 2 patients, respectively. PCR was positive in 2 out of 24 patients diagnosed as not having aspergillosis: one patient had diagnosis of acute bronchitis, but she showed positive culture of A. fumigatus. The other patient had diagnosis of lobar pneumonia, because any pathogens were not detected before PCR assay. The PCR assay we developed is a useful method for diagnosing aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus as compared with other conventional methods.
Aspergillosis↗